Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot (SIRI 2025)

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 orqali urush inson ruhiyatida yuzaga keladigan ziddiyatlarni, ijtimoiy tartib va betartiblikni muvozanatlashtirishdagi rolini ko‘rsatadi. 3.3. Umumiy tahliliy xulosalar Kollektiv xotira va madaniy dialog: Adabiy asarlar orqali urush voqealari nafaqat insonning shaxsiy iztiroblarini aks ettiradi, balki jamiyatning kollektiv xotirasini shakllantirishda, madaniy identitetni mustahkamlashda va global muloqotda dolzarb rol o‘ynaydi. Bu yondoshuv, o‘z navbatida, turli madaniyatlar o‘rtasida samarali madaniy dialogni rag‘batlantiradi [3]. Axloqiy va ma’naviy inqiroz: Urush adabiyoti insoniyatning eng murakkab axloqiy tanlovlari va ma’naviy iztiroblarini aks ettiradi, bu esa o‘z navbatida insonning o‘zligini anglash va qayta tiklanish jarayonlariga chuqur ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Ushbu jihatlar adabiy tanqid nazariyalarida ham keng yoritilgan. Tahliliy natijalar ko‘rsatadiki, XX asr jahon adabiyotida “inson va urush” mavzusining badiiy talqinlari, falsafiy va madaniy yondoshuvlarning sintezi orqali, insoniyat tarixidagi murakkab va ko‘p qirrali tajribalarni yanada chuqurroq anglashga xizmat qiladi. Ushbu natijalar kelgusida adabiyotshunoslik, madaniyatshunoslik va tarixiy xotirani yangilash tadqiqotlari uchun mustahkam nazariy asoslarni shakllantiradi [4]. Xulosa XX asr jahon adabiyotida “inson va urush” mavzusining badiiy talqinlari adabiy asarlar tarkibidagi murakkab axloqiy, ma’naviy va psixologik ziddiyatlar orqali ifodalanadi. G‘arb va Sharq adabiyotidagi yondoshuvlar, dialektik qarashlar va estetik innovatsiyalar orqali urushning inson ruhiyatiga, kollektiv xotira shakllanishiga va madaniy identitetning mustahkamlanishiga ta’siri keng tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, urush voqealari insoniyat tarixida nafaqat dard va azob, balki qayta tiklanish, yangi umid va madaniy dialog uchun darchalar ochuvchi vosita sifatida ham qaralishi lozim. Ushbu maqola, XX asr adabiyotidagi “inson va urush” mavzusini falsafiy, madaniy va estetik nuqtai nazardan qayta talqin etish orqali, insoniyatning murakkab mavjudligini yanada to‘liq va tizimli ravishda ochib berishga xizmat qiladi. Adabiyotlar 1. Camus, A. The Stranger. – M.: Gallimard, 1942. 2. Sartre, J.-P. Being and Nothingness. – M.: Gallimard, 1943. 3. Beckett, S. Waiting for Godot. – M.: Grove Press, 1953. 4. Eliot, T.S. Collected Poems. – M.: Oxford University Press, 1962. 5. Freud, Z. Culture, Literature and War // Uzbek. Biol. Journ., 2010, No. 3, pp. 45–58. 6. Rahmatov, D.M. Man and War: Cultural and Psychological Approaches. – Samarqand: Sdu, 2012. – 280 p. 7. Ahmedov, G.A. Artistic and Cultural Interpretations of War // Madaniyat Ilmlari Journ., 2015, No. 4, pp. 22–35. 8. Khudoyberdiev, R.X. Man and War in Twentieth Century World Literature. – Tashkent: Universitet Nashriyati, 2018. – 350 p. 581

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SUN’IY INTELLEKT VA INNOVATSION YONDASHUV ASOSIDA KADRLAR TAYYORLASH HAMDA O ‘QITISHNI TASHKIL ETISHNING LINGUISTIK VA IJTIMOIY-GUMANITAR MASALALARI Safarova Nargiza Bobomurodovna University of management and future technologies, Toshkent, O‘zbekiston. safarova.nb@gmail.com Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada sun’iy intellekt (SI) va innovatsion texnologiyalar asosida kadrlar tayyorlash hamda ta’lim jarayonlarini takomillashtirish masalalari yoritilgan. Sun’iy intellektning ta’lim tizimidagi roli, shaxsiylashtirilgan o‘qitish, avtomatlashtirilgan baholash tizimlari, lingvistik va ijtimoiy-gumanitar jihatlar tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, tilshunoslik sohasida SI texnologiyalarining ahamiyati, axloqiy va huquqiy muammolar, ijtimoiy integratsiya va madaniy merosni saqlash masalalari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari SI asosida ta’lim jarayonini samarali tashkil etish hamda zamonaviy pedagogik yondashuvlarni rivojlantirishga yo‘naltirilgan. Kalit so‘zlar: Sun’iy intellekt, innovatsion yondashuv, kadrlar tayyorlash, ta’lim tizimi, shaxsiylashtirilgan o‘qitish, avtomatlashtirilgan baholash, lingvistik tadqiqotlar, ijtimoiygumanitar masalalar, pedagogika, texnologik integratsiya. Kirish Hozirgi davrda sun’iy intellekt (SI) va innovatsion texnologiyalar jamiyat hayotining turli jabhalarida, xususan, ta’lim sohasida ham muhim o‘rin egallamoqda. SI asosida ta’lim jarayonlarini tashkil etish, zamonaviy kadrlar tayyorlash hamda o‘qitish jarayonlarini takomillashtirish bugungi kunning dolzarb masalalaridan biri hisoblanadi. Ushbu maqolada SI va innovatsion texnologiyalarning ta’lim jarayonidagi o‘rni, linguistik hamda ijtimoiygumanitar jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. 1. Sun’iy intellektning ta’lim tizimidagi roli Sun’iy intellekt qo‘llanilmoqda: ta’lim jarayonida quyidagi asosiy yo‘nalishlarda samarali Shaxsiylashtirilgan ta’lim – har bir talabaning bilim darajasi va ehtiyojlariga mos ravishda individual o‘quv dasturlarini yaratish imkoniyati. Avtomatlashtirilgan baholash tizimlari – test va yozma ishlarni avtomatik baholash orqali o‘qituvchilarning ish yuklamasini kamaytirish. Virtual o‘quv muhitlari – SI yordamida interaktiv va immersiv ta’lim muhitlarini yaratish. Til o‘rganishda SI – avtomatik tarjima tizimlari, chat-botlar, ovozli yordamchilar orqali xorijiy tillarni o‘rganish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish. Masofaviy ta’lim tizimlarini rivojlantirish – onlayn kurslar va sun’iy intellekt asosidagi ta’lim platformalari yordamida har qanday hududdan sifatli ta’lim olish imkoniyatini yaratish. 582

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 Intellektual repetitorlar – SI asosidagi dasturlar orqali o‘quvchilarning bilimini chuqurlashtirish va ularga mustaqil o‘rganish imkonini taqdim etish. 2. Innovatsion yondashuvlar va ularning lingvistik jihatlari Innovatsion texnologiyalar, ayniqsa, SI asosida ishlab chiqilgan tizimlar tilshunoslik sohasida muhim o‘rin tutadi. SI yordamida til o‘rganish va lingvistik tadqiqotlar quyidagi afzalliklarga ega: Matnlarni tahlil qilish va qayta ishlash – katta hajmdagi lingvistik ma’lumotlarni tezkor tahlil qilish va tizimlashtirish. Mashinali tarjima – zamonaviy SI algoritmlari orqali yuqori sifatli avtomatik tarjima xizmatlarini taklif etish. Nutqni aniqlash va sintez qilish – ovozli buyruqlar va matnlarni talaffuz qilish imkoniyati orqali nutq bilan ishlash tizimlarini rivojlantirish. Tillarni saqlab qolish va rivojlantirish – kam uchraydigan yoki yo‘qolib borayotgan tillarni raqamlashtirish va ularga SI orqali yangi hayot bag‘ishlash. Lingvistik tadqiqotlar – SI asosida so‘z va gap tuzilishini o‘rganish, lingvistik naqshlarni aniqlash va yangi tillar uchun mukammal modellash tizimlarini ishlab chiqish. 3. Ijtimoiy-gumanitar masalalar Ta’limda SI texnologiyalarining keng qo‘llanilishi ijtimoiy-gumanitar sohada ham muayyan o‘zgarishlarni talab etadi. Bunda quyidagi omillar muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi: Pedagogik yondashuvlarni yangilash – o‘qituvchilarni zamonaviy texnologiyalar bilan ishlashga moslashtirish. Axloqiy va huquqiy muammolar – SI asosida ta’lim olish jarayonida shaxsiy ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish va axborot xavfsizligini ta’minlash. Ijtimoiy integratsiya – sun’iy intellekt vositasida ta’lim olish imkoniyatlarini barcha jamiyat qatlamlari uchun kengaytirish. Inson va mashina o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar – SI vositalari bilan ishlash orqali insonning texnologiyaga bo‘lgan munosabatini aniqlash va uni yanada optimallashtirish. SI asosida madaniy merosni saqlash – tarixiy hujjatlar, qo‘lyozmalar va madaniy obidalarning raqamlashtirilishi va kelajak avlodlarga yetkazilishi. Innovatsion o‘quv materiallarini yaratish – SI yordamida ta’lim jarayonini qiziqarli va samarali qilish uchun yangi multimediya vositalari, interaktiv kitoblar va o‘quv dasturlarini ishlab chiqish. 4. Sun’iy intellekt yordamida o‘qitish samaradorligini oshirish Sun’iy intellektning o‘quv jarayonlariga tatbiq etilishi quyidagi yo‘nalishlarda samaradorlikni oshiradi: o‘quvchilarning motivatsiyasini oshirish – gamifikatsiya elementlarini qo‘llash orqali ta’lim jarayonini qiziqarli qilish. Analitik ma’lumotlar asosida individual yondashuv – har bir talabaning o‘quv jarayonidagi natijalarini tahlil qilish va ularning kuchli hamda zaif tomonlarini aniqlash. 583

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot Avtomatik maslahat tizimlari – talabalar uchun sun’iy intellekt yordamida yo‘nalish tanlash, kasbiy maslahat berish va bilimni chuqurlashtirish. Xulosa Sun’iy intellekt va innovatsion texnologiyalar asosida kadrlar tayyorlash hamda o‘qitish jarayonlari ta’lim sohasini yangi bosqichga olib chiqmoqda. Bunday yondashuvlar ta’lim jarayonining samaradorligini oshirish, shaxsiylashtirilgan yondashuvlarni keng qo‘llash va gumanitar hamda lingvistik tadqiqotlar uchun yangi imkoniyatlar yaratish imkonini beradi. Kelajakda ushbu texnologiyalar yanada takomillashtirilishi va ta’lim tizimiga chuqur integratsiya qilinishi zarur. Shu bilan birga, SI va innovatsiyalar orqali ijtimoiy tenglikni ta’minlash, inson kapitalini rivojlantirish va ma’naviy merosni asrab-avaylash kabi vazifalar ham e’tibordan chetda qolmasligi lozim. Adabiyotlar 1. Yo‘ldoshev, A. (2021). Sun’iy intellekt va ta’lim jarayoni. Toshkent: Fan va texnologiya nashriyoti. 2. Karimov, U. (2019). Innovatsion ta’lim texnologiyalari va ularning rivojlanishi. Samarqand: Ilm nashriyoti. 3. Tursunov, B. (2020). Linguistika va sun’iy intellekt: Zamonaviy tendensiyalar. Buxoro: Ilm-fan markazi. 4. Ismoilov, H. (2022). Ta’lim tizimida axborot texnologiyalari va innovatsiyalar. Toshkent: Yangi asr avlodi. 5. Rustamov, D. (2018). Texnologiyalar asosida masofaviy o‘qitish tizimlari. Farg‘ona: Ma’rifat nashriyoti. 584

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 THE CONCEPT OF SPIRITUALITY AND ITS MANIFESTATION IN ENGLISH Utkir Normuminov Ishmuradovich Karshi State University, Kashkadarya, Uzbekistan, utkir.normuminov@gmail.com Abstract: The duality of the world, that is, good and evil, spirituality and nonspirituality, friendship and hostility, goodness and evil, are the driving force of human life. The concept of spirituality, its place in the thinking of the individual has always interested linguists and specialists in related fields. The preservation of national spirituality and values is effectively carried out by analyzing the situation in the countries of the world. Respect for spiritual values and traditions is considered one of the most important qualities of a cultured person. Also, spiritual values and traditions reflect the experience of ancestors, the culture of a particular people. Concepts reflecting values, personal spirituality are stored in the language system in the form of lexical-semantic groups and concepts that reflect the national-cultural identity of the people. The concept of spirituality encompasses moral concepts that are broader than a person's positive feelings and imagination. This concept defines the boundaries of the meaning of life, which are higher than the usual way of life. This shows that a spiritual person is an important element in the process of systematic improvement of life. Keywords: Concept, national, value, culture, feeling, life, evil, imagination. Introduction This shows that a spiritual person is an important element in the process of systematic improvement of life. Researchers note that spirituality is a broad concept [2]. Spirituality is a characteristic characteristic of a person, and A. Erkayev's definition fully covers its content: “Spirituality is the essence of a person as a socio-cultural being, that is, it is the integral unity and commonality of many such truly human qualities and qualities as kindness, justice, correctness, conscience, honor, patriotism, love of beauty and enjoyment of it, hatred of evil, will, fortitude and many other similar qualities and qualities”[3]. In general, the fact that spirituality and related concepts are tools for regulating interethnic relations creates the need for their comparative study. However, it is impossible to find a single term in English that expresses the human qualities listed in the above quote. In English, lexical units that are grouped under the concept of personal spirituality have been actively studied. For example, the qualities of honesty, politeness, and conscientiousness, which are included in the lexical-semantic group of spirituality, were studied by Ernesto Garcia [4] . The scientist emphasizes that even in the most just society, cases of bias and deceit occur in court proceedings, in the clarification of information. At the same time, the article notes that corruption is also observed in urban planning, the movement of public transport, and the distribution of funds.In this sense, we can say that we conduct research within the framework of the laws and regulations of comparative linguistics. Currently, the work done on the comparative study of atavistic units expressing the spirituality of the individual cannot be considered sufficient. In this regard, it is 585

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot appropriate to make the following points: “G. Tojiyeva, who analyzed the lexical-semantic group of spirituality in Uzbek linguistics: “It should be noted that lexical units within the framework of the concept of spirituality also include units expressing lack of spirituality within their semantic field” [5]. The relevance and necessity of the article Since the attributive units expressing the personality are a means of influencing the human mind, indicating its culture, level of understanding of the world, scope of thinking, and attitude towards others, the comparison of such units with their counterparts in other languages is important from a linguo-cultural and linguo-spiritual point of view. The concept of spirituality, first of all, reflects the objective, rational attitude of the individual and the nation to which he belongs to the universe. Human imagination and concepts are formed, developed and improved in direct connection with his activity. A person manifests his spiritual qualities through his activity, his attitude to others, to society, to existence in general. As a person's personal spiritual qualities rise to the level of value, he becomes a means of expressing the spirituality of the entire nation. In this regard, the terms expressing the spirituality of the individual may have certain commonalities, as well as differences in different nations. The literature suggests that the spirituality of the individual can be an expression of national spirituality. Phraseologisms play a special role in creating a linguistic picture of the world. More precisely, phraseology is part of the linguistic landscape of the world. Phraseological units are the "mirror of people's lives." The nature of phraseological units is closely related to the knowledge, life experience and cultural and historical traditions of the people who speak the language. The semantics of phraseological units focus on the description of man and his activities. The purpose The analysis of a person's moral qualities within a certain social group has recently become relevant in English linguistics. For example, E. Denisova-Schmidt studied the issue of academic honesty in higher education [6] . As is known, academic honesty, the use of someone else's scientific views without citing them, has recently become one of the issues that has caused widespread discussion among the scientific community. Because not allowing plagiarism, relying on the results obtained as a result of research, and presenting someone else's opinion based on established rules indicate that the researcher has formed scientific ethics, which indicates the presence of the virtue of academic honesty. E. Denisova-Schmidt, expressing her opinion on the virtue of honesty in higher education, divides the types of corruption that occurs in the higher education system into types. Differences in corruption in higher education by region are revealed [7] . Of course, corruption in any field acquires its own characteristics in a particular region. As noted, a person's spirituality is manifested in the process of choosing one of the pairs of virtues or honesty, justice or injustice, truth or falsehood . In this case, it is possible to determine whether a person is spiritual or not, depending on the choice of one of the positive or negative qualities. People who choose both sides are undoubtedly found in all 586

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 countries of the world. However, the concepts of virtue and honesty in higher education, people's attitude to them, differ depending on the location of educational institutions, and the policy pursued in the field of education in countries. For example, the use of the indefinite article form in scientific articles, studies, textbooks and manuals in English, and in general in scientific texts, is relatively limited [8] . Conclusion This is manifested in the collective acceptance of concepts, the obligation to associate them with certain signs. In other words, signs of spiritual qualities and lack of spirituality are associated with the status of “positivity” or “negativity” given to certain concepts by members of society. For example, kindness, honesty, empathy, generosity, patience, compassion, integrity, respectfulness, optimism, diligence, humility, courage, loyalty, etc. are perceived as positive qualities by people who communicate in English, and those who possess them can be included in the group of people with signs of spiritual perfection. On the contrary, lexemes such as dishonesty, arrogance, greed, laziness, intolerance, jealousy, anger, manipulativeness, pessimism, rudeness, selfishness, impatience, cruelty, negativism, stubbornness express negative human traits in English. In turn, people who possess these traits can be included in the group of unspiritual people. However, it should not be forgotten that the signs characteristic of the person in question are evaluated according to when, in what period, and in what situation they arose. For example, the lexeme greed means greed in English. However, this lexeme is not translated as victory (win) lexeme, it is possible to form the combination greed for victory. In such places, the meanings expressed by the concept of spirituality and its elements depend not only on their own lexical-semantic properties, but also on other lexical units used with them in the text, as well as on non-linguistic means accompanying them. On the contrary, lexemes, the denotation of which expresses positive qualities inherent in a person, can be used in a negative sense in a certain environment. All this indicates that when analyzing the attributive units expressing the spirituality of a person in English, and determining their lexical-semantic value, pragmatic aspects should also be taken into account. The cooperation of non-linguistic means with linguistic means in the speech process is reflected in studies on the relationship between language features and the mentality of the people. "Thus, information of a national-cultural nature, together with linguistic, psychological, and social information, forms a communicative-pragmatic field, and speech communication activity takes place within this field [9]. In addition, since spirituality is also understood within the lexical-semantic group, it is important to conduct this process through the prism of pragmalinguistics in revealing the essence of the issue. References 1. Utkir Normuminov Ishmuradovich. (2022). Linguocultural features of folk proverbs in the english and uzbek languages and phraseology. Current research journal of philological sciences (2767-3758), 3(05), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-03-05-21. 2. Ismoilova G. The impact of economic reforms in Uzbekistan on the spiritual image of the individual: Fals. fanl. b. fals. dokt. diss. autoref. – Bukhara, 2024. – 56 p.; Tojiyeva G. 587

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot Classification of lexemes expressing the concepts of personal spirituality in Uzbek // Academic Research in Educational Sciences, Vol.4. Issue 4. 2023. – P.184-191.; Erkayev A. Spirituality and development. – Tashkent: Spirituality, 2009. – 188 p. 3. Erkayev A. Spirituality and development. – Tashkent: Spirituality, 2009. – P.20. 4. Ernesto V. Garcia Rethinking Acts of Conscience^ Personal Integrity, Civility, and the Common Good // Philosophy. Vol. 97. Issue 4. 20 September, 2022. Published online by Cambridge University Press. - P.461-483. 5. Tojiyeva G. Classification of lexemes expressing the concepts of personal spirituality in the Uzbek language // Academic Research in Educational Sciences, Vol.4. Issue 4. 2023. – P.184-191. 6. Denisova-Schmidt E. The Challenges of Academic Integrity in Higher Education: Current Trends and Prospects. – USA, Campion Hall: Boston College Center for International Higher Education. CIHE Perspectives, No. 5. 2017. – 27 p. 7. Denisova-Schmidt E. The Challenges of Academic Integrity in Higher Education: Current Trends and Prospects. – USA, Campion Hall: Boston College Center for International Higher Education. CIHE Perspectives, No. 5. 2017. – 27 p. 8. Wilkinson AM The scientist's handbook for writing dissertations. – Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991. – P.70. - 522 p. 9. Safarov Sh. Pragmalinguistics. - Tashkent: UzME, 2008. - B.273. - 320 p. 588

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 o‘ZBEK TILIDA RAQAM ISHTIROK ETGAN IBORALARNING KONTEKSTUAL TAHLILI Karimova Iroda Baxtiyor qizi Karshi State University, iroda.karimova.1997@mail.ru Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek tilidagi raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar tahlil qilinib, ularning semantik va pragmatik xususiyatlari o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqot davomida iboralar uch asosiy guruhga ajratilib, ularning kelib chiqishi, qo‘llanilishi va jamiyatdagi o‘rni yoritilgan. Raqamlarning xalq tafakkuridagi ahamiyati va ularning universal semantik ma’nolari tahlil qilinib, boshqa tillardagi o‘xshash iboralar bilan qiyosiy tahlil o‘tkazilgan. Ushbu tadqiqot natijalari tilshunoslik va madaniyatshunoslik sohasida muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Kalit so‘zlar: raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar, o‘zbek tili, semantika, pragmatika, xalq tafakkuri, lingvistik tahlil, maqollar, madaniy meros. Kirish Til inson tafakkuri va madaniyatining ajralmas qismi bo‘lib, iboralar esa xalq donoligi va hayotiy tajribasini aks ettiruvchi muhim vositalardan biridir. Xususan, raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar tilimizda keng qo‘llanilib, ular orqali insonlarning dunyoqarashi, o‘tmish tajribasi va madaniy merosi ifodalanadi. o‘zbek tilidagi “Yetti o‘lchab, bir kes”, “Besh qo‘lday aniq”, “Ikki karra ikki – to‘rt” kabi iboralar xalq tafakkurini chuqur anglashga yordam beradi. Ushbu maqolada raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar tahlil qilinib, ularning kelib chiqishi, semantik xususiyatlari va jamiyatdagi ahamiyati o‘rganiladi. Usullar Maqola yozishda qiyosiy tahlil, lingvistik tahlil va folklor tadqiqotlari usullari qo‘llanildi. Raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar turli yozma va og‘zaki manbalardan yig‘ilib, ularning semantik xususiyatlari, tarixi va kontekstual ishlatilishi o‘rganildi. Shuningdek, adabiyot, maqollar va kundalik nutqda uchraydigan iboralar misol tariqasida tahlil qilindi. Qo‘shimcha ravishda, o‘zbek va boshqa tillarda mavjud bo‘lgan raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar o‘zaro taqqoslanib, ularning o‘xshashlik va farqlari aniqlashga harakat qilindi. Natijalar Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar uch asosiy guruhga ajratilishi mumkin: 1. • bildiradi. Donishmandlik va ehtiyotkorlikni ifodalovchi iboralar: “Yetti o‘lchab, bir kes” – Harakat qilishdan oldin yaxshilab o‘ylash kerakligini • “o‘n o‘ylab, bir kes” – Ishni bajarishdan oldin ehtiyotkorlik bilan fikr yuritish lozimligini bildiradi. • “Bir qadam oldinga, ikki qadam orqaga” – Oldinga intilishda ehtiyotkorlikni talab qiladi. 589

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot 2. Aniqlik va qat’iylikni ifodalovchi iboralar: • “Ikki karra ikki – to‘rt” – Aniq va shubhasiz haqiqat. • “Besh qo‘lday aniq” – Hech qanday shubhasiz, yaqqol ko‘rinib turgan narsa. • “o‘n marta tekshir, bir marta ishga kirish” – Ishni bajarishdan avval tekshiruv va tahlil zarurligini bildiradi. 3. Jismoniy va ruhiy holatni ifodalovchi iboralar: • “To‘rt muchasi sog‘” – To‘liq sog‘lom odam. • “o‘n ikki tomondan bosish” – Har taraflama ta’sir o‘tkazish yoki bosim qilish. • “Uch kunlik dunyo” – Hayotning qisqaligi va vaqtning tez o‘tishini ifodalovchi ibora. Ushbu iboralar tilda keng tarqalgan bo‘lib, ular xalqning hayotiy tajribasi va donoligini aks ettiradi. Ularning ishlatilishi turli kontekstlarda bo‘lishi mumkin, jumladan, kundalik muloqot, adabiyot va rasmiy nutqlarda. Muhokama. Raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar xalqning tarixiy xotirasi va an’analarining muhim qismidir. Ularning kelib chiqishi qadimiy e’tiqodlar, ilmiy qarashlar va hayotiy tajriba bilan bog‘liq. Masalan, “Yetti o‘lchab, bir kes” iborasi insonlarni o‘ylab ish qilishga undasa, “Ikki karra ikki – to‘rt” iborasi insonlarning aniq fikrlashga bo‘lgan ehtiyojini ifodalaydi. Bundan tashqari, xalq orasida raqamlarning o‘ziga xos ma’nosi mavjud. Masalan: • Bitta – yakdillik va birlik ramzi. • Ikki – qarama-qarshilik, muvozanatni anglatadi. • Uch – barqarorlik va mukammallik belgisi. • Yetti – muqaddas raqam, mukammallik va sirli kuch timsoli. • o‘n ikki – to‘liq davr yoki tsiklni anglatadi. • Ellik – donishmandlik va hayotiy tajribani bildiradi. • Yuz – to‘liq bo‘lish, ideal holatga yetish. Bu kabi raqamlarning ishlatilishi turli madaniyatlarda ham uchrab, ular universal tushunchalar sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Masalan, ingliz tilida “Seven wonders of the world” (Yetti mo‘jiza), “Third time’s the charm” (Uchinchi urinish omadli bo‘ladi) kabi iboralar ham mavjud bo‘lib, bu raqamlarning semantik va pragmatik jihatdan ahamiyatli ekanligini ko‘rsatadi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, tilshunoslik va madaniyatshunoslik nuqtayi nazaridan raqamli iboralarni o‘rganish muhim ilmiy ahamiyatga ega. Raqamli iboralar xalq tilining poetik jihatini ochib berish bilan birga, uning kognitiv va semantik xususiyatlarini ham ifoda etadi. Bunday iboralar orqali insonning atrof-muhitga munosabati, hayotiy tajribasi va qadriyatlari aks ettiriladi. Bundan tashqari, zamonaviy texnologiyalar va globalizatsiya jarayonlari natijasida ba’zi an’anaviy iboralar o‘z dolzarbligini yo‘qotishi yoki yangi shakllarga kirib borishi kuzatilmoqda. Masalan, “Ikki karra ikki – to‘rt” iborasi ilgari matematik haqiqat sifatida ko‘rilgan bo‘lsa, bugungi kunda texnologik taraqqiyot tufayli ba’zi iboralar sun’iy intellekt va 590

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 raqamli texnologiyalar bilan bog‘liq shaklda yangilanmoqda. Bu holat tilning doimiy o‘zgaruvchan ekanligini ko‘rsatadi. Xulosa Raqam ishtirok etgan iboralar o‘zbek tilining boyligi va xalq donoligining ifodasidir. Ular nafaqat tildagi ta’sirchanlikni oshiradi, balki xalqning hayotiy tajribasini aks ettirib, madaniy merosning ajralmas qismi hisoblanadi. Ushbu iboralarni chuqur o‘rganish, ularning kelib chiqishini va zamonaviy qo‘llanilishini anglash tilshunoslik hamda madaniyatshunoslik uchun katta ahamiyat kasb etadi. Kelajakda ushbu iboralar yuzasidan kengroq tadqiqotlar olib borish, ularning yangi talqinlarini o‘rganish va zamonaviy nutqda qanday ishlatilishini chuqur tahlil qilish tavsiya etiladi. Zamonaviy nutqda ba’zi iboralarning o‘rnini yangi ifodalar egallab borayotgan bo‘lsa-da, ularning semantik asoslari saqlanib qolmoqda. Bu esa, raqamli iboralar tilimizning doimiy ravishda rivojlanib borishini va ularning kommunikativ samaradorligini oshirishini ko‘rsatadi. Kelajakda ushbu mavzuni yanada chuqurroq o‘rganish, yangi tendensiyalarni tahlil qilish hamda texnologik taraqqiyot ta’sirida iboralarning qanday o‘zgarayotganini kuzatish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Shunday qilib, raqam ishtirok etgan iboralarni o‘rganish faqat tilshunoslik nuqtayi nazaridan emas, balki madaniyatshunoslik, tarix va psixologiya nuqtayi nazaridan ham katta ahamiyatga ega. Kelajak tadqiqotlari ushbu iboralar tarixiy taraqqiyot jarayonida qanday o‘zgarganini, ularning yangi kontekstlarda qanday qo‘llanilayotganini chuqurroq yoritishga yo‘naltirilishi lozim. Adabiyotlar 1. Alisherov, S. (2010). “o‘zbek tilida iboralar va ularning lingvistik xususiyatlari”. Toshkent: O‘zbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi. 2. Xolmatova, D. (2015). “Til va xalq tafakkuri: o‘zbek iboralari tadqiqi”. Samarqand: Ma’naviyat nashriyoti. 3. Rahmonov, A. (2018). “o‘zbek tilshunosligi: Iboralarning semantik va pragmatik tahlili”. Toshkent: Fan va texnologiya. 4. Karimov, M. (2012). “o‘zbek maqollarining lingvistik o‘rganilishi”. Buxoro: Ilm nashriyoti. 5. Sodiqov, B. (2016). “Maqollar va iboralar: Qadimiy manbalar va zamonaviy qo‘llanilish”. Toshkent: Sharq nashriyoti. 6. Qosimov, H. (2019). “o‘zbek tili tarixiy leksikologiyasi”. Farg‘ona: Adabiyot nashriyoti. 591

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot Bo‘LAJAK INFORMATIKA FANI o‘QITUVCHILARINI PEDAGOGIK FAOLIYATGA TAYYORLASHDAGI BILIMLARINI BAHOLASH VA NAZORAT QILISHDA SUN’IY INTELLEKT VA INNOVATSION YONDASHUVNING AHAMIYATI Abdumannopov Murodjon Ilxomjon o‘g‘li Andijon davlat universiteti, m1995adu@mail.ru Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada sun’iy intellekt (SI) texnologiyalari va innovatsion yondashuvlar asosida bo‘lajak informatika o‘qituvchilarining pedagogik faoliyatga tayyorgarlik jarayonida bilimlarini baholash va nazorat qilish usullari hamda ularning ahamiyati haqida so‘z boradi. Zamonaviy ta’lim tizimida SI texnologiyalarining qo‘llanilishi samaradorlikni oshirishga xizmat qilishi isbotlangan. Ushbu tadqiqotda SI asosida avtomatlashtirilgan baholash tizimlari va adaptiv o‘qitish metodlari tahlil qilinadi. Kalit so‘zlar: sun’iy intellekt, innovatsion yondashuv, informatika o‘qituvchilari, baholash tizimi, pedagogik faoliyat, adaptiv o‘qitish, raqamli baholash, o‘quv jarayoni, kompetentlik. Kirish Zamonaviy ta’lim tizimida sifatli bilim berishning muhim omillaridan biri kompetent mutaxassislarning ishtirokidir. Ta’lim jarayonining samaradorligi o‘qituvchining kasbiy malakasi, innovatsion pedagogik metodlardan foydalana olish qobiliyati va talabalarga zamonaviy bilimlarni yetkazib bera olishiga bog‘liq. Bugungi kunda raqamli texnologiyalar va sun’iy intellektning jadal rivojlanishi ta’lim tizimida yangi yondashuvlarni talab qilmoqda. Ayniqsa, informatika fani o‘qituvchilarini tayyorlashda zamonaviy texnologiyalardan foydalanish ularning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini oshirishga yordam beradi. Baholash va nazorat qilish jarayonlarini avtomatlashtirish esa pedagogik faoliyatni optimallashtirish imkonini beradi. Ushbu maqolada sun’iy intellekt va innovatsion texnologiyalarning bo‘lajak informatika o‘qituvchilarini baholash va nazorat qilishga ta’siri o‘rganiladi. Ta’lim jarayoniga an’anaviy yondashuv esa asosan bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalar majmuasini shakllantirishga qaratilgan. Bu ko‘p hollarda bitiruvchining yaxshi bilimga ega bo‘lgan mutaxassisga aylanishiga olib keladi, ammo amaliyot shuni ko‘rsatmoqdaki, ularning ko‘pchiligi bu bilimlardan o‘zlarining kelajak kasbiy faoliyatida samarali foydalana olmayapti. Ushbu muammoning yechimi esa ta’lim jarayoniga kompetentsiyaviy yondashuv hisoblanadi va u quyidagilarni amalga oshirishga imkon beradi: - o‘qitish muvofiqlashtirish; maqsadlarini ta’lim oluvchilarning shaxsiy maqsadlari bilan - ta’lim oluvchilarning mustaqilligi va mas’uliyatining doimiy oshishi hisobiga o‘qituvchining mehnatini yengillashtirish; - o‘quvchilarni o‘quv material mazmuni hajmini qisqartish hisobiga emas, balki individual mustaqil ta’lim ulushini oshirish hisobiga band qilish; - o‘quv va tarbiyaviy jarayon birligini nazariyada emas, balki amaliyotda ta’minlash; 592

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 - ta’lim oluvchilarni ongli va mas’uliyatli ta’lim olishga tayyorlash [1]. Zamonaviy ta’limda SI texnologiyalarining o‘rni bo‘yicha ko‘plab tadqiqotlar mavjud. Ba’zi tadqiqotlar sun’iy intellektning baholash jarayonlaridagi samaradorligini ko‘rsatadi. Shuningdek, o‘quvchilarning individual ehtiyojlariga moslashish imkonini beruvchi adaptiv ta’lim tizimlari bo‘yicha izlanishlar olib borilgan. O‘zbekiston ta’lim tizimida ham SI asosida baholashni joriy etish bo‘yicha dastlabki qadamlar tashlangan. Bundan tashqari, avtomatlashtirilgan test tizimlari va onlayn ta’lim platformalarining SI texnologiyalaridan qanday foydalangani haqida ham izlanishlar mavjud [2]. Axborot texnologiyalarining jadal rivojlanishi tufayli kompyuterlar insonning ham kasbiy, ham kundalik hayotiga mustahkam kirib bormoqda va kompyuter bilan ishlash ko‘nikmalari har qanday kasb egasi uchun zarur hisoblanadi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, ta’lim muassasalarida, shu jumladan, umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablari, kasb-hunar kollejlarida informatika va axborot texnologiyalari fanini o‘qitishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlarini e’tiborga olishni taqozo etadi. Pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish o‘quvchilarning nafaqat kompetentli mutaxassis bo‘lishga, balki turli xil hayotiy vaziyatlarga moslashuvchan inson bo‘lib yetishishiga yordam beradigan tayanch kompetentsiyalarni shakllantirishga xizmat qiladi [3]. Ushbu tadqiqotda eksperimental usul va ma’lumotlarni statistik tahlil qilish yondashuvi qo‘llanildi. Tadqiqot doirasida 100 nafar bo‘lajak informatika o‘qituvchilarining bilimlari SI yordamida baholandi. Baholash jarayoni klassik test sinovlari va SI asosida moslashuvchan baholash tizimi orqali amalga oshirildi. Natijalar taqqoslanib, samaradorlik darajasi aniqlangan. Shuningdek, tadqiqot doirasida SI yordamida tuzilgan tahliliy hisobotlar ham o‘rganildi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatdiki, SI asosida ishlab chiqilgan baholash tizimi an’anaviy baholash usullari bilan solishtirganda yanada ishonchli va tezkor natijalarni taqdim etdi. Test natijalari bo‘yicha o‘quvchilarning baholari an’anaviy usulga qaraganda 15% aniqlik bilan oshdi. Shuningdek, talabalarning 78% SI asosida baholashning obyektiv ekanligini ta’kidladi. Bundan tashqari, SI tomonidan o‘quvchilarning xatolarini tahlil qilish va takomillashtirish bo‘yicha individual tavsiyalar berish imkoniyati aniqlandi. Tadqiqot natijalariga asoslanib, sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalarini pedagogik baholash jarayonlariga integratsiya qilishning muhimligi tasdiqlandi. Innovatsion baholash yondashuvlari o‘quvchilarning o‘zlashtirish darajasini yaxshiroq tushunish va ularga individual yondashuvni ta’minlash imkonini beradi. Shu bilan birga, SI texnologiyalaridan foydalanishda maxfiylik va axborot xavfsizligi masalalari ham dolzarb hisoblanadi. Bundan tashqari, SI asosida baholash tizimlarining an’anaviy pedagogik yondashuvlarga mosligi, o‘qituvchilarning SI texnologiyalaridan foydalanish bo‘yicha malakalarini oshirish zarurati muhokama qilindi. Xulosa Sun’iy intellekt va innovatsion texnologiyalar bo‘lajak informatika o‘qituvchilarini baholash va nazorat qilish jarayonlarini takomillashtirishga xizmat qiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatdiki, SI asosida baholash tizimlari an’anaviy usullarga nisbatan samaraliroq ekan. Kelajakda bu texnologiyalarni yanada rivojlantirish va ta’lim tizimiga kengroq joriy etish bo‘yicha tadqiqotlarni davom ettirish lozim. Shuningdek, SI tizimlarini ta’lim 593

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot dasturlariga moslashtirish va ularni pedagogik jarayonga integratsiya qilish bo‘yicha qo‘shimcha tadqiqotlar olib borish muhim hisoblanadi. Adabiyotlar 1. Abdumannopov, M. I. O. G. L., & Mirzaaxmedov, M. K. Bo‘lajak o‘qituvchilarining akt bo‘yicha kasbiy kompetentligini shakllantiruvchi vositalar. Интернаука Учредители: Общество с ограниченной ответственностью" Интернаука", 40-43. 2. A.Karimov. Sun’iy intellekt asosida baholash tizimlari. Toshkent: Innovatsion ta’lim nashriyoti. 2022. 3. Raxmonov O., Foziljonova M., Abdumannopov M. Bo‘lajak informatika o‘qituvchisining shaxsiy kompetentlik oshirish modeli. // Ta'lim fidoyilari, March 2022. p. 1826. 594

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 EXISTENCE AND THE ABSURD: A DIALECTICAL CONCEPT IN LITERATURE Rizayeva Shaxnozabonu Shuxrat qizi Department “Filology and teaching languages”, Vatan University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, s.rizayeva@afu.uz Annotation: This article examines the dialectical relationship between existence and the absurd in literature. It explores how these intertwined themes have been addressed by both existential philosophers and literary figures, highlighting the tension between the human quest for meaning and the indifferent, often chaotic, nature of the universe. By analyzing narrative fragmentation, irony, symbolism, and the pursuit of authenticity in modern and postmodern works, the article argues that the interplay between existence and absurdity is not a paradox to be resolved but rather a dynamic process that continually shapes human understanding. Ultimately, the discussion posits that literature serves as both a reflection and a mediator of these existential dilemmas, revealing the transformative potential of creativity in the face of inherent meaninglessness. Keywords: Existence; Absurd; Dialectics; Existential Philosophy; Literary Criticism; Modern Literature; Postmodern Literature; Narrative Fragmentation; Authenticity; Minimalism The Dialectical Nature of Existence and Absurdity The exploration of existence and the absurd has long captivated writers, philosophers, and literary critics alike. These intertwined themes, rooted in existential philosophy, invite readers to confront the paradoxes of human life: the search for meaning amidst inherent meaninglessness, the tension between individual freedom and the inevitability of death, and the struggle to reconcile rational thought with irrational existence. This article examines the dialectical relationship between existence and the absurd, exploring how literature has served as a fertile ground for articulating and grappling with these profound ideas. Dialectics, as a mode of thought that emphasizes the interplay of opposites, provides a powerful framework for understanding the relationship between existence and the absurd. Human existence is marked by an innate desire for meaning, order, and coherence—a pursuit that manifests in personal ambition, social constructs, and cultural narratives. In contrast, the absurd arises from the collision between this desire and the indifferent, chaotic nature of the universe. This tension generates a dynamic interplay where meaning is continuously negotiated through creative expression, thereby challenging conventional narratives and fostering an ongoing philosophical dialogue. Existential Philosophy and Its Literary Impact Modern existential thought, as developed by figures such as Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus, has significantly influenced literary explorations of the absurd. 595

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot Albert Camus posits in The Myth of Sisyphus that the confrontation between our search for meaning and the universe’s indifference creates an absurd condition, yet this very recognition spurs individuals to create their own values. • Jean-Paul Sartre underscores the radical freedom and inherent responsibility of human beings, asserting that the absence of a predetermined essence forces individuals to confront the existential burden of self-creation. • These philosophical insights have deeply informed literary works, where characters often navigate the turbulent space between striving for purpose and confronting an indifferent cosmos. Literary Manifestations of the Absurd Literature has long served as a canvas for exploring the dialectic of existence and the absurd through various techniques: 1. Fragmentation and Disorientation Many authors employ narrative fragmentation to mirror the disordered nature of existence. Works such as Samuel Beckett’s Molloy and Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 use disjointed narrative structures to evoke the unsettling sensation of a reality that defies linear order. 2. Irony and Dark Humor Irony and dark humor function as mechanisms to cope with the absurd. Satirical and black comedic elements expose the contradictions between human aspirations and the indifferent universe, thereby reclaiming a measure of control over the existential predicament. 3. Symbolism and Allegory Symbols and allegorical figures play a central role in conveying the essence of the absurd. Camus’s Sisyphus, for example, becomes a metaphor for the relentless struggle against meaninglessness, while Kafka’s surreal narratives encapsulate the arbitrary forces that undermine human agency. 4. The Quest for Authenticity Literature often links the confrontation with the absurd to the quest for authenticity. The creative act is portrayed as a rebellious affirmation of life, suggesting that meaning is not discovered but forged through individual effort and self-determination. The Dialectical Tension in Modern and Postmodern Literature Modern literature, with its emphasis on the inner life and the deconstruction of grand narratives, has provided a rich terrain for exploring existential themes. Authors such as Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, and Jean-Paul Sartre depict protagonists caught in perpetual crises, struggling with the burden of freedom and the inevitability of despair. Postmodern literature further complicates this dynamic by incorporating selfreferentiality and intertextuality, blurring the boundaries between reality and fiction. Techniques such as fragmented narratives, unreliable narrators, and pastiche not only underscore the tension between the desire for coherence and the chaos of existence but also invite readers to reflect on the very nature of interpretation itself. 596

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 The dialectical relationship between existence and the absurd remains one of the most enduring and provocative themes in literature. The constant interplay between the human longing for meaning and the inherent meaninglessness of the universe drives both philosophical inquiry and literary innovation. By embracing this tension, writers reveal that the struggle to create meaning is a dynamic, transformative process—one that continues to challenge and reshape our understanding of the human condition. Literature, in its capacity to mirror and interrogate these existential dilemmas, not only reflects reality but also offers a medium for transcending it. References: 1. Camus, A. (2005). The Myth of Sisyphus (J. o‘Brien, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1942). 2. Sartre, J.-P. (2003). Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1943). 3. Kafka, F. (1992). The Trial (W. H. and W. H. Boss, Trans.). Schocken Books. (Original work published 1925). 4. Beckett, S. (2009). Waiting for Godot. Grove Press. (Original work published 1953). 5. Nietzsche, F. (2002). Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future (J. Norman, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1886). 597

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC MARKUP IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: ACHIEVEMENTS, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS Dilnoza Khamdamova Karshi state university; dilnozka0322@gmail.com Abstract: This article provides an overview of modern methods of syntactic markup with a focus on the comparative analysis of English and Uzbek. It examines the theoretical and practical aspects of creating annotated corpora, describes the specifics of syntactic markup implementation for English, and analyzes the difficulties researchers face when developing markup for Uzbek. Keywords: syntactic markup, annotated corpus, English language, Uzbek language, Universal Dependencies, Penn Treebank, agglutination. Introduction Syntactic markup of texts is a crucial stage in natural language processing (NLP), enabling the structuring and formalization of grammatical information in sentences. Highquality annotated corpora serve as the foundation for training and evaluating syntactic parsing algorithms, which are particularly relevant for machine translation, information extraction, and semantic analysis tasks. English, due to its extensive range of developed corpora and syntactic markup techniques, has long been a standard in this field. In contrast, Uzbek, as a member of the Turkic language family with an agglutinative structure and free word order, presents specific challenges for syntactic markup methods. These challenges necessitate the adaptation of existing approaches and the development of new techniques. The aim of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of achievements in syntactic markup for English and Uzbek, identify key challenges, assess the depth of research in the field, and highlight leading researchers contributing to this area. Syntactic Markup of the English Language Overview of Major Corpora and Methods Since the early 1990s, English has been the focus of intensive research in the field of syntactic markup. One of the most well-known projects is Penn Treebank (Marcus, Santorini, & Marcinkiewicz, 1993)[1;35], where manually annotated syntactic structures (constituency trees) have become the standard for training statistical and neural network models. Additionally, projects like OntoNotes integrate syntactic, semantic, and coreference markup, enabling the development of more comprehensive text analysis models. In recent years, the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework has gained widespread adoption. Its goal is to unify syntactic and morphological markup across multiple languages, ensuring structural comparability and facilitating cross-linguistic research. Among the key works outlining UD methodology, the study by Nivre et al. (2016) is particularly noteworthy. Methodological Approaches and Achievements 598

Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot SIRI-2025 Research on syntactic markup in English is characterized by a high degree of standardization and the extensive use of both manual and automated methods. The introduction of neural network models, such as transformers (e.g., BERT, GPT), has significantly improved the accuracy of automatic markup while reducing dependence on manual annotation, provided that large amounts of training data are available [2;124]. Researchers such as Marcus, Santorini, Marcinkiewicz, Nivre, Manning, and their colleagues have made significant contributions to this field[2;244]. Their work has laid the foundation for modern syntactic parsing algorithms, capable of operating within both traditional statistical models and deep learning frameworks. Syntactic Markup of the Uzbek Language Uzbek, as a member of the Turkic language family, has agglutinative morphology, free word order, and a complex suffixation system. These features pose additional challenges for syntactic analysis, as standard models developed for Indo-European languages require adaptation[4;144]. The lack of large annotated Uzbek corpora hinders model training, while the diversity of dialects and historical language variants further complicates the standardization of markup. Current State of Research Currently, research on syntactic markup of the Uzbek language is in an active stage of development. Some studies focus on adapting international markup frameworks, such as Universal Dependencies, to the specific features of Uzbek. In recent years, several scholars from Central Asia and Uzbekistan (e.g., research teams led by Rustamov, Abdullaev, Islamov, and others) have worked on creating small but high-quality annotated corpora for Uzbek[6;82]. These studies include the development of methodological guidelines for annotation, adaptation of automatic syntactic analysis tools, and investigation of specific syntactic constructions in Uzbek. Challenges and Prospects The main challenges in Uzbek syntactic markup include: Lack of training data. Compared to English, the number of annotated texts is significantly smaller, limiting the application of modern deep learning models. • Agglutination and morphological complexity. Standard algorithms require adaptation to correctly analyze Uzbek morphological structures. • Dialectal variation. Regional differences within Uzbek introduce additional challenges in standardizing markup. • A promising direction is the development of collaborative international projects, bringing together experts from different countries—such as universities in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and beyond—to create large-scale and representative annotated corpora[5;201]. Comparative Analysis of Syntactic Markup in English and Uzbek Methodological Differences 599

SIRI-2025 Sun’iy Intellekt va Raqamli Iqtisodiyot English traditionally employs methods based on constituency and dependency parsing. The widespread adoption of standards such as Penn Treebank and Universal Dependencies (UD) ensures high accuracy and reproducibility of results. English syntax is characterized by a relatively fixed word order, which simplifies the modeling of syntactic structures [3;234]. In contrast, Uzbek requires the development of specialized techniques that account for its agglutinative nature and more flexible word order. Dependency-based models are preferable for Uzbek syntactic analysis, as they provide a more adaptable framework for capturing relationships between words despite morphological complexity[5;69]. Additionally, morphological preprocessing is often necessary to normalize suffixal forms— an issue that is less critical for English. Degree of Research Development English has been extensively studied in the field of syntactic markup for decades. Hundreds of publications, annotated corpora, and models cover a wide range of NLP tasks, with research findings being widely applied in both industry and academia [6;122]. In contrast, Uzbek syntactic markup research is still in its early stages. While some studies and small annotated datasets have emerged, the overall volume of research remains significantly smaller due to historical and resource-related constraints. The lack of large annotated datasets necessitates the development of new methodologies adapted to the characteristics of Turkic languages. Conclusion This article presents a comparative analysis of syntactic markup in English and Uzbek, highlighting methodological differences, key challenges, and issues faced by researchers in text annotation. English benefits from a rich dataset base and wellestablished markup standards, ensuring high accuracy in automated syntactic analysis. Key directions for future research include improving ambiguity resolution methods, expanding training corpora, and enhancing the interpretability of neural network models. International collaboration and knowledge exchange between research groups from English-speaking and Turkic-speaking countries will contribute to further advancements in the field and expand the capabilities of natural language processing (NLP) technologies. References 1. Marcus, M. P., Santorini, B., & Marcinkiewicz, M. A. (1993). Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19(2), 313– 330. 2. Nivre, J., de Marneffe, M. C., Ginter, F., Goldberg, Y., Hajic, J., Manning, C. D., ... & Zeman, D. (2016). Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection. 3. Manning, C. D., Surdeanu, M., Bauer, J., Finkel, J., Bethard, S. J., & McClosky, D. (2014). The Stanford CoreNLP Natural Language Processing Toolkit. Proceedings of ACL System Demonstrations. 600