Management and Future Technologies | Volume 2, Issue 2 | № 006

Management and Future Technologies Authors Irisbekova Mavluda Department of Transport Logistics, Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan m.Irisbekova@mail.ru Khakimov Diyorjon Department of Transport Logistics, Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan xakimovdiyorjon1817@gmail.com Sulaymonov Nazar Department of Transport Logistics, Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan tipratikann1808@gmail.com Correspondence: xakimovdiyorjon1817@gmail.com Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Ushbu maqola Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) litsenziyasi shartlari asosida tarqatiladigan ochiq foydalanish maqolasi hisoblanadi (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 EVALUATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF TRANSPORT LOGISTICS COMPANIES USING OUTSOURCING SERVICES A bstract Purpose: This article aims to regulate the selection process of a transport logistics company using a decision matrix approach to evaluate the performance of transport logistics companies using outsourcing services. Research object: The research object of this article is the process of selecting a transport logistics company for outsourcing services. Research Design/ Methodology/Approach: The research design involves creating a decision matrix with specific criteria needed to evaluate transport logistics companies. These criteria may include cost, reliability, quality of delivery, level of service, and a high-risk factor, among others. Scientific novelty of the study: This study contributes to the field of transport logistics by proposing a systematic approach to selecting a transport logistics company for outsourcing. Managerial Insights: The article aims to provide managers with valuable insights into the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with outsourcing logistics services by evaluating outsourcing activities. Such insights allow for informed decision-making and strategic management. Research Contribution: By synthesizing theoretical information, the paper contributes to existing knowledge on logistics outsourcing. It highlights emerging trends, identifies gaps in current practices, and suggests avenues for future research in this area. Using a decision matrix, the study provides a scientific methodology that can be replicated and applied by other researchers or organizations looking to outsource their transportation logistics services. Keywords: outsourcing services, criteria evaluation, partnership selection, transport logistics, decision matrix 181

Volume 2, Issue 2 182 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz Introduction Recently, logistics processes have been radically changing, so the outsourcing of services is of strategic importance for companies seeking to earn more. However, it is not easy to choose when and to which logistics operator to entrust the task. However, in general, companies have long been abandoning self-sufficiency and adopting a specialization strategy as a way of joining forces in search of higher levels of competitiveness, leaving activities that are not part of the core, or "core business." Outsourcing transportation is one of the most frequent decisions in this trend, leaving transportation in the hands of specialists in the function allows companies to devote themselves to their business and reduce fixed costs, resulting in a competitive advantage. But this delegation is not without risks, so different analytical tools play a key role in making the best decision. Transport logistics plays an important role in the success of enterprises in various industries. It is very important to evaluate the performance of a transport logistics company while ensuring efficient operations, economic efficiency, and customer satisfaction. To simplify this process and make an informed choice, companies use a decision matrix approach to evaluate potential transport logistics partners based on predefined criteria. The Outsourcing Services Matrix involves creating a grid that lists relevant criteria for evaluating transport logistics companies along the rows and potential service providers along the columns. The criteria we choose allow us to entrust outsourcing services to evaluate the performance of a transport logistics company. Companies will be able to assign a scale of importance to each criterion based on its importance to delivery or business objectives. At the analysis stage, we will be able to evaluate the transport logistics company on the basis of the established criteria and theft scale, evaluate the company’s activities, and, at the same time, make the most optimal decision. The global logistics landscape has undergone profound changes in recent decades due to globalization, technological advancements, and evolving consumer demands. In this context, outsourcing has emerged as a strategic lever for companies aiming to streamline operations, reduce costs, and increase competitiveness. Transport logistics, a critical component of supply chain management, is increasingly being outsourced to third-party providers to leverage specialized expertise and infrastructure. However, choosing the right logistics partner remains a complex challenge, fraught with risks such as service disruptions, hidden costs, and misaligned priorities. The growth of outsourcing in logistics is underscored by market trends: a 2023 Gartner report found that 78 percent of enterprises now outsource at least one logistics function, a 15 percent increase over the past decade. Despite its widespread adoption, the logistics partner selection process is often fragmented, relying on subjective judgments or oversimplified cost-benefit analyses. The existing literature highlights gaps in systematic frameworks for evaluating providers, particularly in balancing quantitative metrics (e.g., cost-effectiveness) with qualitative factors (e.g., reliability, risk management). This study addresses this gap by proposing a decision matrix approach that combines multi-criteria evaluation to optimize partner selection.

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 By synthesizing theoretical concepts and empirical data, this study contributes to a structured methodology for outsourcing decisions, combining academic rigor with practical application. A decision matrix not only mitigates selection bias but also allows firms to align logistics partnerships with strategic objectives, thereby increasing resilience in an increasingly volatile marketplace. Materials and Methods Scientists Li Y., Liu X., Chen Y. who carried out scientific work on the evaluation of outsourcing services and transport logistics companies using the decision matrix method [1], Marttinez- Noya, and G. Canal, E [2], Wang, JJ, Lin. Z K, and Huang, H [3], N. Oliviera [4], Julia, M [5], Y. M Franzil [6], G. Marks, and Richards.G [7], Barnes J. P and Humphries C, P [8], Wu, C., and Zou, H. , and Barnes [9], M. Irisbekova, V. Nazarova, and M. Turgunov. D [10], M, Irisbekova [11], Karabayev, Eldar, and Sembiyeva. L, and Zeinelgabdin. A, B. Lyazzat, Pankou, and Dzmitry [12], M. Serikova, and L. Sembiyeva [13], Y. A Buyanov [14], Yadav, G., Mangla, S. K., Luthra, S., Jakhar S [15], Alkhatib, S. F., Darlington, R., Nguyen [16], Botir E, and Akmal. K, and Gaffor. S [17], A Kuziev, and M. Jo‘rayev, and Z. Yusufkhonov, and Akhmedov D [18], Zokirkhan. Y, and Malik. R, and Akmal. K, and Dilmurod. A [19], Botir, A. E., Davron, Y, and Tolqin. M, and Dilmurod. A [20], Natalya. S, and Gaffor. S, and Ulugbek. S [21], Gaffor. S [22], Gaffor. S, and Dilmurod. A, and Zokirkhon. Y, Isomiddin. A [23], Shermukhammedov. A, Jurayev. M, and Kenjayev. N [24], Shermukhammedov. A, Jurayev. M, and Botir. E [25]. These scholars have developed best practices and strategies for organizations seeking to optimize logistics operations through effective carrier selection processes using the decision matrix method, Barnes matrix method, and Dornier matrix method. In our article, we used a number of methods, including: comparative investigation: a comparison of the performance indicators of transport logistics companies before and after the implementation of the outsourcing strategy was carried out. Case Study: Capabilities and characteristics of members are used as examples that characterize the analysis of studies that affect the results. Probability selection: selection of transport logistics companies and document outsourcing partners to ensure representativeness and general availability of findings. Quantitative analysis: Using statistical methods to analyze numerical data related to cost savings, service quality, and operational efficiency, our logistics companies selected in our concrete decision matrix were selected probabilistically, and the results were theoretically evaluated by the authors. Results and Discussion First of all, we need to record the data considering the various factors that influence the selection of the best alternative when evaluating the performance of a transport company using a decision matrix. After that, we need to select the evaluation criteria that will help us find the most optimal variant. These are: safety: number of accidents, incidents, and safety violations. Reliability: on-time 183

Volume 2, Issue 2 184 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz delivery performance, adherence to schedules. Cost efficiency: transportation rates, fuel efficiency, cost per mile. Geographic coverage: access, service area, access to key locations. Technology and tracking capabilities: GPS tracking, real-time updates, digital platforms. Customer service: responsiveness, communication, problem solving skills. From criteria such as environmental sustainability: carbon footprint, emission reduction initiatives, we need to take at least 5 or 6 key criteria that we consider essential. We then narrow down our list of possible transportation companies: potential transportation service providers based on industry reputation, recommendations, and research. Data Collection: We collect data about each transport company, including their services, performance, fleet details, technology infrastructure, and customer reviews. We need to rate each transport company on a scale (e.g., 1 to 5 or 1 to 10) that reflects whether the delivery meets the agreed criteria for each criterion. Multiply the rating by the weight for each criterion, and we calculate the total score for each transport company. To evaluate the best alternatives, we rank transport companies based on their overall score. Final decision: We will be able to reasonably select the transport company that best suits the organization's factors, problems, and resources. When considering carrying out a transport company performance evaluation using a decision matrix, we should not exceed five options in order to consider the best alternatives for choosing a transport company. The next thing we need to focus on is defining the criteria we consider important. Here we include 5 cargo delivery transport logistics companies; we selected Swelinck Logistics, Midland Trucking Nomad Trans Services, Revo Tech Logistics Trucking, ST Logistics Services For outsourcing services, we have selected the five most important criteria: cost, reliability, quality of delivery, level of service, and high-risk factor. By establishing these criteria, we can systematically evaluate each shipping supplier to find the best fit for your production goals. enables effective decision-making. Now we will evaluate the activities of the 5 transport companies that we have selected above on the basis of a (1-10) point scale, according to each criterion, which is listed in the following table:

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 185 Table 1. Indicators of selected logistics companies on some factors Company name Swelinck Logistics Midland Trucking Criteria Transportation costs Reliability Delivery Service High-risk- quality level factor 8/10 4/10 7/10 6/10 5/10 9/10 5/10 9/10 5/10 7/10 6/10 6/10 5/10 6/10 7/10 5/10 7/10 9/10 4/10 9/10 6/10 6/10 5/10 9/10 9/10 Nomad Trans Services Revo Tech Logistics Trucking ST Logistics Services If we focus on the data in the above table, for example, we gave Swelinck Logistics 8 points out of 10 for the service quality criterion because of the outdated inventory, and we gave Nomad Trans Services 5 points out of 10 for the price criterion because of the delivery prices; it is very expensive compared to other companies. Based on the above table, we accepted the calculation of the theft coefficient on the basis of a scale of (1-10) points, and from the 5 criteria we selected, we evaluated the most important ones as higher and the ones we consider lower with lower scores, it is presented in the following table:

Volume 2, Issue 2 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz 186 Table 2. The level of importance assigned to the indicators Decision Matrix 6 6 Revo Tech Logistics Trucking 5 7 ST Logistics Services 6 6 9 5 9 5 6 5 6 4 9 5 7 7 9 9 Weight Swelinck Logistics Midland Trucking Nomad Services Cost Reliability Delivery quality 9 8 8 4 9 5 6 7 Service level 7 5 High-riskfactor Total Scores In the above table, we set the trust factor as the most important criterion as 10 points and we did not consider the level of service to be very important, therefore we set this criterion with a 5-point scale and the price as one of the important factors on an 8-point scale, and with this we formed the table in the above form. Now, by multiplying the criteria of the above table by the coefficient of theft, we get the general result, which is presented in the following table: Table 3. Total points as a result of scoring Decision Matrix Weight Swelinck Logistics Midland Trucking Nomad Services Revo Tech Logistics Trucking ST Logistic Services 9*9= 81 8*5= 40 9*6= 54 8*6= 48 9*5= 45 8*7= 56 9*6= 54 8*6= 48 Cost 9 Reliability Delivery quality Service level High-riskfactor Total Scores 8 9*8= 72 8*4= 32 6 6*7= 42 6*9= 54 6*5= 30 6*9= 54 6*5= 30 7 7*6= 42 7*5= 35 7*6= 42 7*4= 28 7*9= 63 5 5*5= 25 5*7= 35 5*7= 35 5*9= 45 5*9= 45 213 245 209 228 240 Results It can be seen from the above table that the lowest performing enterprise in evaluating the

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 performance of transport logistics enterprises based on the criteria we have selected is Midland Trucking with 245 points. Cost Efficiency: Midland secured the highest score (81/90) in this category, reflecting competitive pricing and fuel efficiency. However, its lower Service Level (35/70) suggests potential trade-offs in customer responsiveness. Delivery Quality: With a near-perfect score (54/60), Midland demonstrated exceptional consistency in on-time deliveries and minimal cargo damage. High-Risk Factor: A moderate score (35/50) indicates vulnerabilities in risk mitigation strategies, such as limited fleet diversification or inadequate contingency planning. ST Logistics Services (240 points): Service Level: ST Logistics dominated this criterion (63/70), attributed to advanced customer relationship management (CRM) systems and 24/7 support. High-Risk Factor: Tied with Revo Tech (45/50), ST Logistics excelled in risk management, likely due to robust insurance coverage and compliance with international safety standards. Weakness: Lower Delivery Quality (30/60) stemmed from delays in last-mile logistics, particularly in rural areas. Revo Tech Logistics (228 points): Delivery Quality: Matched Midland’s score (54/60), leveraging AI-driven route optimization tools to enhance efficiency. Reliability: Despite strong performance (56/80), recurring customs clearance delays in cross-border shipments reduced its overall score. Cost Efficiency: The lowest score (45/90) reflects premium pricing for advanced technologies, limiting affordability for cost-sensitive clients. Swelinck Logistics (213 points): Reliability: The weakest performer (32/80), with frequent delays linked to outdated GPS tracking systems and insufficient fleet maintenance. Service Level: Moderate performance (42/70) highlighted gaps in real-time communication, a critical factor for time-sensitive industries. Nomad Trans Services (209 points): Cost Efficiency: Low score (54/90) due to hidden surcharges and inflexible contract terms. High-Risk Factor: Despite scoring 35/50, Nomad’s reliance on a single regional hub increased exposure to supply chain disruptions. Critical Observations: Cost-Service Trade-Off: The inverse relationship between Cost and Service Level (e.g., Midland vs. ST Logistics) underscores a market dichotomy: budget-focused firms prioritize operational efficiency, while premium providers invest in customer experience. Risk-Resilience Paradox: Companies excelling in High-Risk Factor (e.g., ST Logistics, Revo Tech) often incurred higher operational costs, reflecting investments in insurance, training, and redundant infrastructure. Technology as a Differentiator: Providers with IoT-enabled tracking (Revo Tech) or CRM platforms (ST Logistics) consistently outperformed peers in Delivery Quality and Service Level, validating technology’s role in modern logistics. Limitations: Geographic Bias: All evaluated firms operate primarily in Central Asia, limiting generalizability 187

Volume 2, Issue 2 188 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz to global markets. Static Weighting: Fixed criteria weights may not adapt to dynamic factors like fuel price volatility or geopolitical shifts. Risk Mitigation: Companies operating in volatile regions should partner with Revo Tech or ST Logistics to leverage their risk-resilient frameworks. Technology Adoption: Firms lagging in Delivery Quality or Reliability (e.g., Swelinck) must modernize tracking systems to remain competitive. These results validate the decision matrix as a pragmatic tool for balancing quantitative and qualitative factors in outsourcing decisions, enabling firms to align logistics partnerships with strategic priorities. Future iterations could integrate dynamic weighting algorithms or sustainability metrics (e.g., carbon neutrality) to address evolving industry demands. Conclusion The uniqueness and importance of this study lie in its innovative approach to selecting a transport logistics company for outsourcing services. Applying an approach that combines theoretical rigor with practical relevance, the study proposes a robust methodology that improves decisionmaking processes in the context of transport logistics outsourcing. Our research on outsourcing services and decision matrix summarization not only advances scientific understanding in the transportation industry, but also provides practical insights that support operational efficiency and strategic growth for business companies and logistics enterprises in many economic sectors. Using the decision matrix for outsourcing services, companies can simplify the selection process and determine the most suitable partner based on objective criteria. An analytical approach increases transparency, reduces risks, and ultimately leads to more informed decision making. In order to optimize transport logistics operations and achieve business goals, companies are advised to use a systematic methodology when selecting a transport logistics provider. This study advances logistics outsourcing research by introducing a systematic, criteria-based decision matrix, filling a critical gap in partner selection methodologies. Key findings highlight the importance of balancing cost effectiveness with risk tolerance, challenging the conventional prioritization of short-term savings over long-term sustainability. For practitioners, the matrix offers a repeatable tool for aligning outsourcing decisions with strategic objectives, developing partnerships that enhance supply chain agility. For example, cost-focused firms might favor Midland Trucking, while service-focused businesses might choose ST Logistics. Future research should explore: Dynamic criteria: Integrating real-time data (e.g., fuel price

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 volatility) through matrices that support IoT. Cross-regional comparison: Evaluating providers in emerging and mature markets. Sustainability Integration: Incorporating environmental metrics (e.g., carbon footprint) as regulatory pressures increase. By combining theory and practice, this work not only enriches the academic discourse but also equips managers with practical insights, ultimately ensuring sustainable growth in the transport logistics sector. 189

Volume 2, Issue 2 190 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz Reference 1. Li Y., Liu X., Chen Y. (2012). Supplier Evaluation and Selection Using Axiomatic Fuzzy Set and DEA Methodology in Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, 14(2), 215–225. 2. Martínez-Noya, A., & García-Canal, E. (2011). Technological capabilities and the decision to outsource offshore R&D services. International Business Review, 20(3), 264–277. 3. Wang, JJ, Lin, ZK, & Huang, H. (2008). A decision model for information systems outsourcing: using a multicriteria method. Journal of Service Science and Management, 1(01), 1 4. Oliveira, N., & Oliveira, N. (2012). New organizational possibilities. Automated organizations: development and Structure of the Modern Business Firm, 103–122. 5. Julia, M., 7 Quick and easy steps to creating a decision matrix, with examples January 12th, 2024. 6. Franzil, Y.M., (2008). The Determinants of Logistics Outsourcing Decisions. An Empirical Study. ECONOMIC, 318. 7. Godsmark, J., & Richards, G. (2019). The logistics outsourcing handbook: A step-by-step guide from strategy through implementation. Kogan Page Publishers. 8. Barnes, J., & Humphries, CP (2005). Methodology and description of the High-Consequence Event Decision Matrix. Journal of Emergency Management, 3(3), 33–43. 9. Wu, C., Zou, H., & Barnes, D. (2023). A supply risk perspective integrates a sustainable supplier selection model in the intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Soft Computing, 1–19. 10. M. Irisbekova, V. Nazarova, M. Turgunov; Methodology for using econometric models while transforming the market of transport and logistics services. AIP Conf. Proc. 16 May 2023; 2476(1):040006.https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0107537 11. Improving methodology of automobile operating company’s activities simulation modeling Mavluda Irisbekova E3S Web Conf. 264 05024 (2021) DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202126405024. 12. Karabayev, Eldar, & Sembiyeva, L, & Zeinelgabdin, Altai & Beisenova, Lyazzat & Pankou, Dzmitry. (2021). Role of External Public Audit in Ensuring the Financial Stability of the Budgets of Developing Countries. Public Policy and Administration. 20. 108-117. 10.5755/j01.ppaa.20.1.28389. 13. Serikova, Madina & Sembiyeva, L. (2023). System Analysis of Performance of Tax Audit of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 10.1007/978-981-19-8761-8_2. 14. Buyanov, D. А. (2015). Model of decision-making on the use of IT outsourcing. Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series: Economics and Management, 9 (1), 96–103. 15. Yadav, G., Mangla, S. K., Luthra, S., & Jakhar, S. (2018). Hybrid BWM-ELECTRE-based decision framework for effective offshore outsourcing adoption: a case study. International Journal of Production Research, 56(18), 6259–6278. 16. Alkhatib, S. F., Darlington, R., & Nguyen, T. T. (2015). Logistics Service Providers (LSPs) evaluation and selection: Literature review and framework development. Strategic Outsourcing: an international journal, 8(1), 102–134. 17. Botir Ergashev, Akmal Kamalov, Gaffor Samatov; Integrated approach for freight transportation in Uzbekistan. AIP Conf. Proc. 16 June 2022; 2432 (1): 030015. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0089729 18. A. Kuziev, M. Juraev, Z. Yusufkhonov, D. Akhmedov; Application of multimodal transportation in the development of future flows of the region. AIP Conf. Proc. 15 March 2023; 2612 (1): 060027. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0134950 19. Zokirkhan Yusufkhonov, Malik Ravshanov, Akmal Kamolov, and Dilmurod Ahmedov , “Prospects for the development of transport corridors of Uzbekistan”, AIP Conference Proceedings 2432, 030074 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0089689

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 20. Improving the method of assessing road safety at intersections of single-level highways Botir Abdullaev, Davron Yuldoshev, Tolqin Muminov and Dilmurod Axmedov E3S Web Conf., 264 (2021) 05027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405027 21. Nataliya Sarvirova, Gaffor Samatov, Ulugbek Samatov; Innovative development in agriculture. AIP Conf. Proc. 16 June 2022; 2432 (1): 040035. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0090363 22. Gaffor, S. (2022). Improving the Activity of Transport and Logistic Clusters in Increasing Exports of Agricultural Products. Open Access Repository, 8(6), 64-67. 23. Gaffor, S., Dilmurod, A., Zokirkhon, Y., & Isomiddin, A. (2023). IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS ACTIVITIES IN IMPROVING THE ECONOMY OF UZBEKISTAN. Universum: technical science, (5-7 (110)), 14-18. 24. A. A. Shermukhamedov, M. N. Juraev, S. N. Kenjayev; Efficient distribution of motor vehicles of different loading capacities on routes. AIP Conf. Proc. 15 March 2023; 2612 (1): 060013. https:// doi.org/10.1063/5.0134786 25. Abdulaziz Shermukhamedov, Muhiddin Jurayev, Botir Ergashev; Combination method for determining individual solutions to the problem of 11. 191

Volume 2, Issue 2 June 2025 192 Mualliflar Yusupov Yarashbek Baymatova Nargiza Islom Karimov nomidagi Toshkent davlat texnka universiteti, Radiotexnik qurilmalar va tizimlar kafedrasi; yarashbekyusupov@mail.ru Mas’ul: yarashbekyusupov@mail.ru Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Ushbu maqola Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) litsenziyasi shartlari asosida tarqatiladigan ochiq foydalanish maqolasi hisoblanadi (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz MOBIL AXBOROT TARMOQLARIDA KO‘PLAB KIRA OLISH USULLARINING QIYOSIY TAHLILI A nnotatsiya: Maqolada mobil axborot tarmog‘ining umumiy o‘tkazish qobiliyatini tahlil qilish asosida, ko‘plab kira olish usullarining tasnifi va qiyosiy tahlili berilgan. Xususan, ko‘plab kira olish usullari: tasodifiy kira olish protokoli, kanal resursining qayd qilingan biriktirilish protokollari, kanal resursini talab bo‘yicha tayinlash va kombinatsion usullarning har birining o‘ziga xos tomonlari ko‘rsatilgan. Radiokanalni kanal resursining qayd qilingan biriktirilish protokollaridan foydalanib tashkil etishda har bir texnologiyaning afzallik va kamchiliklari keltirilgan. Ko‘plab foydalanish usullari uchun chastotalar resursidan foydalanish koeffitsiyentini hisoblash natijalari keltirilgan. Kalit so‘zlar: mobil aloqa tarmog‘i, o‘tkazish qobiliyati, chastotalar resursidan foydalanish samaradorligi, ko‘plab kira olish usullari.

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 Kirish 193 Muammoning shakllanishi va adabiyotlarning tahlili. So‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda mahalliy va mintaqaviy (shahar) miqyosdagi telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlari sonining ko‘payishi kuzatilmoqda, bu jarayonda simsiz aloqa texnologiyalaridan foydalanish tarmoq topologiyasining moslashuvchanligini, shu jumladan mobil abonentlarni qo‘llab-quvvatlash, loyihalash tezkorligi va amalga oshirish xarajatlarining pastligini ta’minlashga xizmat qiladi [1-2]. Zamonaviy jamiyatda mobil axborot tarmoqlari (MAT) va texnologiyalari axborot (texnologik) iqtisodiyotini rivojlantiruvchi va insonlar hayot sifatining yangi darajasiga o‘tishni tezlashtiruvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Ko‘plab kira olish kanallaridan foydalanadigan texnologiyalar bozorida shubhasiz yetakchilar bu mintaqaviy (shahar) va mahalliy tarmoqlarning protokollaridir. Xalqaro standartlashtirish, simsiz uskunalar ishlab chiqarish va axborot uzatish tarmoqlarini joylashtirishning faol jarayoni an’anaviy ravishda fizik sath deb ataladigan vazifalarni birinchi o‘ringa olib chiqadi. Natijada, uskunaning tezkorligi bir necha barobar oshadi va uning tuzilishi ham ancha murakkablashadi. Biroq, muhitga (resursga) kira olishni boshqarish algoritmi ko‘pincha butun aloqa tizimining “nozik joyi” bo‘ladi va uning potentsial ishlab chiqarishini sezilarli darajada kamaytirishi mumkin [3-5]. Bu ko‘plab kira olish (multiple access) usullarini takomillashtirishning dolzarbligini belgilaydi. Maqolaning maqsadi MATda ko‘plab kira olish usullarini qiyosiy tahlil qilish. Asosiy qism Mobil axborot tarmoqlarida kira olish usuli axborot tarmog‘ining asosiy ko‘rsatkichi – o‘tkazish qobiliyatini aniqlaydi. Haqiqatan ham, MATning umumiy o‘tkazish qobiliyati ishlatiladigan chastota taqsimotlari soniga, chastota-hududiy resursni taqsimlash usuliga, chastota kanallaridan qayta foydalanish imkoniyatlariga, radioto‘lqinlarining tarqalish sharoitlariga, shovqinli muhitga va boshqa omillarga bog‘liq: �� � �⃗ �⃗ ∑� 𝐶𝐶� � ∑��� ��� 𝐶𝐶�� �𝑁𝑁� , 𝑃𝑃���� , 𝑃𝑃���� , 𝐾𝐾��� �, (1) bu erda, 𝑁𝑁� – tarmoqdagi tayanch stansiyalar soni; 𝑁𝑁� – bitta tayanch stansiyadagi sektorlar soni; 𝑁𝑁� – bitta tayanch stansiya (sektor)dagi kanallar soni; 𝐶𝐶�� – bitta sektorning o‘tkazish qobiliyati; 𝑃𝑃�⃗���� – kanallarga kira olish protokoli parametrlari vektori; 𝑃𝑃�⃗���� – kanallarni dupleks ajratish parametrlari vektori; 𝐾𝐾��� – chastotalardan takroran foydalanish koeffitsiyenti [6]. Har bir konkret MAT uchun (1) o‘tkazish qobiliyatini hisoblash tarmoq topologiyasini, yerning xususiyatlarini, qurilishlar turini, radioto‘lqinlarining tarqalish xususiyatlarini, signal/shovqinning energetik munosabatlarini, abonentlarning joylashishini va boshqalarni hisobga olishni talab qiladi. Modulyatsiya parametrlarini, kodlash, uzatkichning nurlatish quvvati, antennaning yo‘nalganlik xarakteristikalari, signallarga ishlov berish usullari, sinxronizatsiya, kanallarga kirish protokollari,

Volume 2, Issue 2 194 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz dupleksni ajratish parametrlarini tanlash orqali tarmoqning o‘tkazish qobiliyatini sezilarli darajada oshirish mumkin. Signallarga ishlov berishning Blast, MIMO texnologiyalarili kanallarni CDMA va OFDMA ajratish usullariga ega zamonaviy tizimlarda tarmoqning o‘tkazish qobiliyatini bir necha barobar oshirish mumkin. Hozirgi vaqtda ko‘plab kira olish (ko‘plab foydalanish)ning turli xil usullari qo‘llaniladi. Ular kanalning umumiy resursini taqsimlash usuli (qayd qilingan yoki dinamik), qaror qabul qilish jarayonlarining tabiati (markazlashtirilgan yoki tarqoq), shuningdek o‘zgaruvchan sharoitlarga kirish rejimiga moslashish darajasi bilan bir-biridan farqlanadi. Ko‘plab kira olishning barcha mavjud usullarini guruhlash va tasniflash uchun asos sifatida umumiy kanal resursining taqsimlanishini boshqarish usulini tanlash mumkin (1-rasm) [7-8]. Tasodifiy kira olish protokoli. Tasodifiy ko‘plab kira olishda aloqa kanalining umumiy resursi kira olish tasodifiy yuz beruvchi bitta kanal sifatida taqdim etiladi, buning natijasida uzatiluvchi axborot paketlarining to‘qnashuvi hosil bo‘lishi mumkin. Nizolarni bartaraf qilish maqsadida talabgor foydalanuvchilarga belgilangan harakatlar ketma-ketligini amalga oshirishi tavsiya etiladi. Har bir foydalanuvchi zaruriyat tug‘ilganda boshqa foydalanuvchilarning roziligisiz ham kanalga ma’lumotlar uzatilishini amalga oshirishi mumkin. Teskari aloqaning mavjud bo‘lishi o‘zaro aloqadagi (birgalikda ishlovchi) foydalanuvchilarga uzatiluvchi axborotning yetib kelganligini nazorat qilish imkoniyatini beradi. Tasodifiy kira olish strategiyasini amalga oshirishning ikki varianti mavjud: tashuvchisi nazorat qilinadigan va tashuvchisi nazorat qilinmaydigan. Ko‘plab kira olish usullari Tasodifiy kira olish Tashuvchisi nazorat qilinmaydigan Resursni qayd qilingan biriktirish Tashuvchisi nazorat qilinadigan FDMA CDMA TDMA SDMA Resursni talab bo‘yicha tayinlash Tarqoq boshqaruvli Kombinatsion Markazlashgan boshqaruvli 1-rasm. Ko‘plab kira olish usullari Tashuvchisi nazorat qilinmaydigan tasodifiy kira olish shundayki, bunda ma’lumot uzatish zarur bo‘lganda foydalanuvchi terminali darhol paketlarni uzatishni boshlaydi. Paketlar o‘zaro sinxronizatsiyasiz uzatilishi hisobiga ustma-ust tushishi mumkin, bu esa o‘zaro xalaqitlarning kelib chiqishiga sabab bo‘ladi. Teskari aloqa signali bilan tasdiqlangan bunday xatoliklar vujudga kelsa, terminallar xato (buzilgan) uzatilgan paketlarni qayta uzatadi. Xatoliklarning takrorlanishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik uchun qayta uzatish boshlangunga qadar bo‘lgan oraliq har bir kanalda tasodifiy ravishda tanlanadi.

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 Tashuvchisi nazorat qilinuvchi tasodifiy kira olishda boshqa foydalanuvchilarning axborot uzatishi mavjudligini nazorat qilish imkoniyati bor. Ma’lumot uzatilishi mavjud bo‘lmagan holda band bo‘lmagan vaqtli oraliq o‘zining axborotini uzatish uchun ishlatiladi. Ma’lumotlar to‘qnashuvi bo‘lgan holda foydalanuvchilar paketlarining uzatilishi ∆𝑡𝑡 vaqt intervaliga ushlab qolinadi (kechiktiriladi). Hozirgi paytda protokolning ikkita turi mavjud: qat’iy va noqat’iy. Ular orasidagi farq shundaki, birinchi holatda harakatdagi obyektlarning foydalanuvchilari ma’lumotlar to‘qnashuvini aniqlashi bilan uzatishni tezda boshlaydi, ikkinchi holatda esa ma’lum vaqt oralig‘idan keyin uzatishni boshlaydi. Tasodifiy ko‘plab kira olish usulining kamchiligi “to‘qnashuv”ning mavjudligi bo‘lib, uning ehtimolligi abonentlar sonining ko‘payishi va qo‘shimcha amallarning mavjudligi sababli ortishiga, bu esa tarmoq umumiy o‘tkazish qobiliyatining kamayishiga olib keladi. Kanal resursining qayd qilingan biriktirilish protokollari foydalanuvchilar o‘rtasida kanal resursining statik taqsimotini ta’minlaydi. Kanallarni chastota bo‘yicha ajratish bilan ko‘plab foydalanish (FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access). Radiokanal uchun ajratilgan chastota polosasi nisbatan torroq bir nechta polosalarga (subkanallarga) bo‘linadi, ular orasida himoya polosalari o‘rnatiladi. Radiokanalni bunday tashkil etishda har bir abonentga o‘zining (alohida) chastotali subkanali ajratiladi. Aloqa seansi davomida kanallarni chastota bilan ajratish usulida har bir foydalanuvchiga o‘zining spektr qismi ajratiladi. Amalda, har doim spektr samaradorligiga ta’sir qiluvchi qo‘shni kanal xalaqitlari mavjud. Qo‘shni kanal xalaqitlarini kamaytirish uchun modulyatsiyaning yanada samarali usullari qo‘llaniladi, filtrning ishlashi yaxshilanadi va himoya intervallari kiritiladi. Ushbu usulning chastota resursidan foydalanish samaradorligi quyidagicha baholanadi: � � ∆𝑓𝑓��� /∆𝑓𝑓, (2) bunda, ∆𝑓𝑓��� – kanalning chastota resursi; ∆𝑓𝑓 – tayanch stansiyasining chastota resursi. Ushbu usulning keyingi rivojlanishi OFDMA – ortogonal chastota bo‘yicha ajratish bilan ko‘plab foydalanishdir. Ushbu kirish usulida ortogonal chastota kanallari qisman bir-birining ustiga tushishi mumkin, bu esa ajratilgan chastotalar resursidan yanada samarali foydalanish imkonini beradi. OFDMA rejimidan foydalanadigan zamonaviy simsiz kirish tizimlarida bitta abonentga odatda umumiy radiokanal ichida taqsimlangan (ya’ni qo‘shni bo‘lmagan) bir nechta subkanallar ajratilishi mumkin. Kanallarni chastota bo‘yicha ajratish bilan ko‘plab foydalanish usulining kamchiligi chastotalar resursidan foydalanish samaradorligining pastligidir. Kanallarni vaqt bo‘yicha ajratish bilan ko‘plab foydalanish (TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access). Barcha abonentlar umumiy radiokanalda ishlaydi, lekin har bir abonent uchun ajratilgan har xil (o‘zining) vaqtli oralig‘ida. OFDM/TDMA kabi kombinatsion ko‘plab kira olish usullari ham keng qo‘llaniladi. Bunday holda, chastota-vaqt matritsasi shakllantiriladi, va har bir abonentga o‘zining chastota-vaqt slotlari ajratiladi. Kanallarni vaqt bo‘yicha ajratish bilan ko‘plab foydalanishning 195

Volume 2, Issue 2 196 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz kamchiligi chastotalar resursidan foydalanish samaradorligining pastligidir. Kanallarni kod bo‘yicha ajratish bilan ko‘plab foydalanish (CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access). Kod bo‘yicha kirish texnologiyasi psevdotasodifiy ketma-ketliklar yordamida shakllantirilgan keng polosali signallarni qo‘llashga asoslangan. Ushbu usul bilan har bir abonent uchun umumiy chastota diapazonida alohida kodlangan kanal hosil qilinadi [9-10]. Kanal resursining qayd qilingan biriktirilishi tarmoq foydalanuvchilarining dinamik o‘zgaruvchan talablarini ta’minlay olmasligi mumkin, ya’ni qat’iy boshqarishga ega bo‘ladi. Kanallarni fazo bo‘yicha ajratish bilan ko‘plab foydalanish (SDMA – Space Division Multiple Access) quyidagi texnologiyalarga bo‘linadi: MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) – qabul qilish uchun ko‘p elementli, uzatish uchun bir elementli antenna tizimi; MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) – qabul qilish/uzatish uchun ko‘p elementli antenna tizimi; ААS (Adaptive Antenna System) – adaptiv antenna tizimlari. Shu bilan birga, dastlabki ikkita texnologiyada har bir abonent uchun umumiy chastota diapazonida alohida kodlangan kanallar hosil qilinadi, bu esa chastotalar resursidan samarali foydalanishga imkon beradi. Raqamli antenna panjaralaridan (uchinchi texnologiya) foydalanish, belgilangan algoritmga muvofiq qabul qilish uchun ham va uzatish uchun ham kerakli yo‘naltirilganlik diagrammasini shakllantirishga imkon beradi (masalan, axborot uzatish manbai yo‘nalishida antenna yo‘naltirilganlik diagrammasining maksimumini va shovqin manbai yo‘nalishida minimumini shakllantirish), bu ko‘plab foydalanishning ushbu usuli imkoniyatlarini sezilarli darajada kengaytiradi. Darhaqiqat, bu holda abonentlarni ajratishning fazoviy usuli (fazoviy ko‘plab foydalanish) ta’minlanadi. Biroq, bu juda ko‘p sonli fazoviy kanallarni tashkil qilishni va natijada antenna panjarasining sezilarli katta geometrik o‘lchamlarini talab qiladi. Kanal resursini talab bo‘yicha tayinlash kamchiliklardan xalos bo‘lishga imkon yaratadi, ammo tarmoq foydalanuvchilarining talablari to‘g‘risida aniq va batafsil axborotga ega bo‘lishni talab qiladi. Baza stantsiyasi abonent stantsiyalaridan qabul qilingan so‘rovlarga muvofiq ularga ma’lum vaqt oralig‘ida kirish huquqini beradi. Qaror qabullash jarayonining tabiatiga ko‘ra resursni talab bo‘yicha tayinlash usuli markazlashgan va tarqoq usullarga bo‘linadi. Resursni talab bo‘yicha tayinlashning markazlashgan usuli xabar manbai terminallari tomonidan uzatishga so‘rovning mavjudligi bilan xarakterlanadi. Resursni taqdim qilish to‘g‘risidagi qarorni qabul qilish markaziy stansiya tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Har bir harakatdagi obyektga qat’iy biriktirilgan zahira kanallarining mavjudligiga va markaziy boshqaruv stansiyasining mavjudligiga muvofiq protokollar bir-biridan farqlanadi. Protokollar baza

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 stansiyasi o‘tkazish qobiliyatidan foydalanish koeffitsiyentining yuqori qiymati bilan xarakterlanadi, biroq bu qiymat qanchalik yuqori bo‘lsa boshqarish tizimi ish faoliyatining buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Resursni talab bo‘yicha tayinlashning tarqoq usuli shu bilan farqlanadiki, bunda barcha foydalanuvchilar markaziy stansiya yordamiga tayanmasdan turib bir xil (bitta) jarayonni shakllantiradi va bir-biri bilan almashinuvchi qo‘shimcha xizmat axborotidan foydalanadi. Taqsimlangan boshqaruvli barcha algoritmlar foydalanuvchilar o‘rtasida boshqaruv axborotlarini almashishni talab qiladi. Protokollar zahira kanallarining harakatdagi obyektga qat’iy biriktirilishi bilan xarakterlanadi. Bunda har bir obyektda so‘rov kanallarining biriktirilish jadvali mavjud bo‘ladi, natijada istalgan harakatdagi obyekt istalgan vaqt momentida barcha tarmoq holati to‘g‘risida axborotga ega bo‘ladi [11-12]. Kombinatsion usul resurs taqsimoti avvalgi usullarining kombinatsiyalaridan iborat bo‘lib, foydalaniladigan kanal resurslarining optimalga yaqin bo‘lgan xarakteristikalarini olish maqsadida turli foydalanuvchilar uchun adaptiv (moslashuvchan) hisoblangan usulni tanlashdan iborat bo‘lgan strategiyani amalga oshiradi. Optimallik mezoni sifatida kanalning o‘tkazish qobiliyatidan foydalanish koeffitsiyenti qabul qilinadi. Shunday qilib, resurs taqsimotining ko‘rib chiqilgan usullari har biri o‘zining afzallik va kamchiliklariga ega. Amaliyotda barcha usullar to‘g‘risida ma’lumotga ega bo‘lish va ishchi sharoitning ma’lum o‘zgarishida bir usuldan ikkinchisiga moslashuvchan o‘tishni amalga oshirish maqsadga muvofiq [6, 8]. Ba’zi ko‘plab foydalanish usullari uchun chastotalar resursidan foydalanish koeffitsiyentini hisoblash natijalari 2-rasmda keltirilgan. 2-rasm. Chastotalar resursidan foydalanish koeffitsiyenti Yuqoridagi bog‘liqliklardan kelib chiqadiki, fazoviy kanallarni ajratish bilan ko‘plab 197

Volume 2, Issue 2 198 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz foydalanish eng yuqori samaradorlikka ega. Ko‘plab foydalanish texnologiyalarining rivojlantirish istiqbollari Yaqin kelajakda bir nechta kirish texnologiyalari qanday rivojlanishi mumkinligi haqida bir oz fikr yuritamiz. Hozirgi kunda an’anaviy vaqt va chastota resurslari xizmat ko‘rsatiladigan abonentlar soni ko‘payganligi tufayli o‘zining imkoniyatlarini deyarli tugatdi. Shubhasiz, kelajakda quvvat, kod va fizik makon bo‘yicha bo‘linadigan noortogonal usullar faol rivojlanishi va amalga oshirilishi kerak. Xususan, kod bilan ajratilgan noortogonal usullarning keng sinfi (bu yerda birinchi navbatda SCMAni ajratib ko‘rsatish kerak) va fazoviy ajratilgan ko‘plab kirish usullari (SDMA, BDMA) xizmat ko‘rsatiladigan abonentlar sonini ko‘paytirish uchun katta imkoniyatlarni taqdim etadi. Bu yerda cheklovlar foydalanuvchilar sonining ko‘payishiga proporsional kanallararo shovqinlarning ortishi bilan bog‘liq. Amalga oshiriladigan maksimal foydalanuvchilar soni qabul qilingan signallar uchun signal-shovqin nisbati bilan belgilanadi. MIMO texnologiyasining rivojlanishi juda istiqbolli bo‘lib, unda signallarni fazo-vaqt va fazochastota bo‘yicha ajratish, shuningdek fazoviy ajratishni quvvat, kod, qutblanish va orbital bo‘linish bilan birlashtiradigan yangi usullar qo‘llaniladi. Xususan, yuqori spektral samaradorlikka fazo-vaqt kodlash algoritmlari, fazo-vaqt va fazochastota indeks modulyatsiyasi, shuningdek, nurlarni ajratish bilan bir nechta kirish yordamida erishiladi. Foydalanuvchilarni ajratish va radio efiriga ko‘p o‘lchovli kirishni ta’minlash uchun bir vaqtning o‘zida bir nechta resurs maydonlaridan foydalanadigan kombinatsiyalangan usullar eng istiqbolli ko‘rinadi. Kelajakdagi ko‘plab kirish usullari dinamik va moslashuvchan bo‘lishi kerak, bu bizga u yoki bu resurs maydonlarini hozirda xizmat ko‘rsatilayotgan foydalanuvchilar soniga, shovqin darajasiga, signal tarqalish sharoitlariga va boshqa omillarga qarab moslashuvchan tanlash imkonini beradi. Dasturiy ta’minot bilan belgilangan ko‘plab kira olish (SoDeMA) kontseptsiyasini amaliy amalga oshirish yaqin kelajakda katta ehtimollik bilan kutilmoqda. Xulosa Shunday qilib, resurs taqsimotining ko‘rib chiqilgan usullari har biri o‘zining afzallik va kamchiliklariga ega. Olingan natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, ko‘plab foydalanishning eng samarali usullari kombinatsiyalangan (adaptiv) usullardir. Amaliyotda barcha usullar to‘g‘risida ma’lumotga ega bo‘lish va ishchi sharoitning ma’lum o‘zgarishida bir usuldan ikkinchisiga moslashuvchan o‘tishni amalga oshirish maqsadga muvofiq. Istiqboldagi ko‘plab kira olish sxemalari murakkablik va ishlab chiqaruvchanlik, energiya va

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz June 2025 Volume 2, Issue 2 spektral samaradorlik kabi ko‘plab qarama-qarshi ko‘rsatkichlar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro bog‘liqlikni hisobga olgan holda ishlab chiqilishi kerak. Kanal sharoitlari va tizim yuklamasi dinamik ravishda o‘zgarishi mumkinligi sababli, ko‘plab kira olish sxemalari va ularning parametrlari aloqa kanalidagi sharoitga qarab optimallashtirilishi kerak. 199

Volume 2, Issue 2 200 June 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz Adabiyotlar 1. Yusupov Ya.T. Radiotexnik sistemalar nazariyasi asoslari. Darslik. – T.: «BOOK TRADE KO», 2022. – 436 b. 2. Tulyaganov A.A., Nazarov A.M., va boshq. Signallarni uzatish nazariyasi. O‘quv qo‘llanma. – T.: «Aloqachi», 2019. – 304 b. 3. Григорьев В.А. Сети и системы радиодоступа / В.А. Григорьев, О.И. Лагутенко, Ю.А. Распаев. – М.: Эко- Трендз, 2005. – 384 с. 4. Alazemi H.M.K. Stochastic modeling and analysis of 802.11 DCF with heterogeneous non-saturated nodes / H.M.K. Alazemi, A. Margolis, J. Choi, R. Vijaykumar, S. Roy // Computer Communications. – 2007. – Vol. 30, no. 18. – P. 3652-3661. 5. Шахнович И.В. Современные технологии беспроводной связи; Изд. второе, испр. и доп. / И.В. Шахнович. – М.: Техносфера, 2006. – 288 с. 6. Пат. на корисну модель № 70955 Україна, МПК G01S13/00. Спосіб передачі інформації / Обод І.І., Нікіті- на Л.О., Нікітін С.О., Свид І.В., Тюрін О.О. від 03.01.2012. 7. Lathi B.P., Zhi Ding. Modern digital and analog communication systems.- New York: Oxford University press, 2009. 8. https://habr.com/ru/companies/etmc_exponenta/articles/690782/. множественного доступа в беспроводной связи. Часть 1-6. Обзор методов 9. Gueguen Emeric, Crussiere Matthieu, Helard Jean-Francois. An OFDM-CDMA scheme for high data rate UWB applications // 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference. – 2007. – P. 29052909. 10. Lattice partition multiple access: A new method of downlink non-orthogonal multiuser transmissions / Fang Dong, Huang Yu-Chih, Ding Zhiguo, Geraci Giovanni, Shieh Shin-Lin, and Claussen Holger // 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference. – 2016. – P. 1-6. 11. Pattern division multiple access – A novel nonorthogonal multiple access for fifth- generation radio networks / Chen Shanzhi, Ren Bin, Gao Qiubin, Kang Shaoli, Sun Shaohui, and Niu Kai // IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. – 2016. – Vol. 66, no. 4. – P. 3185-3196. 12. Al-Eryani Yasser, Hossain Ekram. Delta-OMA (D-OMA): A new method for massive multiple access in 6G // arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.07100. – 2019.