Management and Future Technologies | Volume 2, Issue 1 | № 005

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 Adabiyotlar 1. R.Waszkowski, M.Kiedrowicz, T.Nowicki and K.Worwa. Access control management in administrative office with RFID tagged documents // Proceedings - 2017 4th International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and in Industry, MCSI 2017. Vol. 2018-Janua, 2018. – P. 244–251. doi: 10.1109/MCSI.2017.48. 2. Collier M., Beel J. Implementing neural turing machines. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2018, vol. 11141, pp. 94–104. https://doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01424-7_10 3. T. A. Plate. Holographic reduced representations. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. no. 3, pp. 623–641. https://doi:10.1109/72.377968 4. P. Kanerva. Hyperdimensional computing: An introduction to computing in distributed representation with high-dimensional random vectors. Computation, 2009, no. 1, pp. 139–159. https://doi:10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 5. E.Avery, T.Kelley, D.Davani. Tectures to improve robot control: Integrating production systems, semantic networks, and sub-symbolic processing. Proc. 15 th Annual Conference on Behavioral Representation in Modeling and Simulation (BRIMS), 2006, pp. 190–198. 6. T.Kelley, E.Avery, L.Long, E.Dimperio. Symbolic and sub-symbolic intelligent system for mobile robots. Proc. AIAA Infotech@Aerospace Conference, 2009, p. 1976. https://doi:10.2514/6.20091976 7. J.Parvar, D.Lowe, M.Emsley, R.Duff, A.Akintoye. Neural networks as a decision support system for the decision to bid process. Proc. 16th Annual ARCOM Conference, 2000, pp. 209–217. 8. Delen D., Sharda R. Artificial neural networks in decision support systems. In: Handbook on decision support systems 1. Springer, 2008. Pp. 557–580. https://doi:10.1007/978-3-54048713-5_26 9. D. Golmohammadi. Neural network application for fuzzy multi-criteria decision making problems. International Journal of Production Economics, 2011, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 490–504. https://doi:10.1016/j.ijpe. 2011.01.015 10. J.Figueira, S.Greco, M.Ehrgott. Multiple criteria decision analysis: State of the art surveys. New York, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Springer Publications, 2005. 1267 p. https:// doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3094-4 11. A.V.Demidovskij, E. A. Babkin. Developing a distributed linguistic decision making system. Business Informatics, 2019, vol. 13, no 1, pp. 18–32. https://doi:10.17323/19980663.2019.1.18.32 12. F.Herrera, L.Martinez. A 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic representation model for computing with words. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 2000, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 746–752. https:// doi:10.1109/91.890332 13. W. Hendricks, “Review of NoSQL Data Stores: Using a reactive threetier application for software developers to achieve a high availability application design architecture,” In 2019 Open Innovations (OI), 2019, pp. 71-77. 14. Mahruqi, R. S. A., Alalfi, M. H., & Dean, T. R. (2019, November). A semi-automated framework for migrating web applications from SQL to document oriented NoSQL database. In Proceyedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Compyuter Science and Software Engineering (pp. 44-53). 15. P. Kolyasnikov et al., “Analysis of software tools for longitudinal studies in psychology,” International Journal of Advanced Compyuter Science and Applications, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 21– 33, 2019. 81

Volume 2, Issue 1 82 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz 16. Chen W, Zhou Q, Hu H (2019) Face alignment by discriminative feature learning. https://doi. org/10.1109/ICIP.2019.8803112 17. Girshick R, Donahue J, Darrell T, Malik J (2016) Region-based convolutional networks for accurate object detection and segmentation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 38(1). https:// doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2015.2437384 18. A. Saidov, A. Dustmukhammedov, F. Khakimova. Problematic issues in the organization of customs control related to the application of artificial intelligence methods. International scientific and practical conference on “modern problems of applied mathematics and information technology (MPAMIT2022)”. AIP Conf. Proc. 3004, 050003 (2024). https://doi. org/10.1063/12.0025282 19. O.U.Askaraliyev, G.X.Muxtarova, N.T Malikova., R.H. Yuldashev. Practice of applying models of clustering of incoming semi-structured data in management systems. V International Scientific Conference “Construction Mechanics, Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering”. (CONMECHYDRO - 2023), https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340105063 20. O.U.Askaraliev, N.T.Malikova, N.A. Naim, Sh.Sharma, Zh.Chohan, R.Kumar, S.Singh. Intelligent Decision Support Systems in Integrated Management Systems – A Novel Multicriteria Computational Control System. Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology, AIP Conference Proceedings 2558, 020001 (2023). 03 February 2023. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121301 21. B. Xiao, P. Georgiou, B. Baucom, and S. Narayanan. Head motion modeling for human behavior analysis in dyadic interaction. IEEE Trans. Multimedia, 17(7):1107–1119, 2015. 22. Y. Zhang, X. Liu, M.-C. Chang, W. Ge, and T. Chen. Spatio-temporal phrases for activity recognition. In Proc. European Conf. Computer Vision (ECCV), pages 707–721, Florence, Italy, Oct. 2012. 23. U. Khamdamov, M. Umarov, J. Elov, S. Khalilov and I. Narzullayev, “Uzbek traffic sign dataset for traffic sign detection and recognition systems,” 2022 International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2022, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICISCT55600.2022.10146832 24. 24. K Khamdamov, U.R., Umarov, M.A., Khalilov, S.P., Kayumov, A.A., Abidova, F.S. (2024). Traffic Sign Recognition by Image Preprocessing and Deep Learning. In: Choi, B.J., Singh, D., Tiwary, U.S., Chung, WY. (eds) Intelligent Human Computer Interaction. IHCI 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14532. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03153830-8_9.

Management and Future Technologies Muallif Farxat Rajabov Muhammad al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti, , Toshkent, 100200, O‘zbekiston; radjabov@tuit.uz journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 YER OSTI SUVI NAZORAT QUDUQLARIDA SATHI VA TARKIBINI TAHLIL QILISH INOVATSION USULI A nnotatsiya. Maqolada radio va tovush to’lqinlarining bir vaqtda tarqatish yordamida to’g’ridan-to’g’ri masofani o’lchash hamda harorat, pH sensorlari bilan kengaytirilgan funksionallik orqali suv tarkibini aniqlashni empedans spektroskopiyasi usuli bilan birlashtiradigan ko’p funktsiyali tizimnning matematik, ekvivalent elektr sxemasi taklif etilgan. Bu model o’tkazuvchanlikdagi haroratga bog’liq o’zgarishlarni kompensatsiyasi va suvning kislotaliligi yoki ishqoriyligining muhim ko’rsatkichi bo’lgan pH ni kuzatish orqali suv sifatini baholashning aniqligini sezilarli darajada oshiradi. Natijada tizimning samaradorligi oshib, real vaqt rejimida yer osti suvi monitoringi imkoniyati yaratilgan. Taklif etilgan metod keng chastota diapazonidagi elektr impedansini o’rganish orqali suv tarkibini har tomonlama tahlil qilishni ta’minlaydi. Ishlab chiqilgan tizim real vaqt rejimida ma’lumotlarni yig’ish uchun kam quvvatli IoT texnologiyasidan foydalanadi, bu esa masofaviy joylashtirish uchun masshtablilik va energiya samaradorligini ta’kidlaydi. Laboratoriya ko’rsatkichlari bo’yicha tekshirish tizimning atrof-muhit va sanoat dasturlarida aniqligi va amaliyligini tasdiqlaydi. Ushbu maqolada suv sifatini tahlil qilish sohasini birgalikda rivojlantiradigan matematik modellashtirish, apparat arxitekturasi va eksperimental natijalar batafsil bayon etilgan. Kalit so‘zlar: suv sifatini tahlil qilish; masofani o’lchash; chastota empedans spektroskopiyasi; pH va harorat kompensatsiyasi; atrof-muhit monitoringida IoT. Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Ushbu maqola Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) litsenziyasi shartlari asosida tarqatiladigan ochiq foydalanish maqolasi hisoblanadi (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). 83

Volume 2, Issue 1 84 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz Kirish Suv sifati ekotizimlarning barqarorligini ta’minlash, qishloq xo‘jaligi hamda jamoat salomatligini saqlashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. An’anaviy suv tahlili usullari ko‘pincha katta resurs talab qiladi, chunki ular laboratoriya sharoitlari va uzoq vaqt talab etadi. Internet narsalar (IoT) va ilg‘or sensor texnologiyalarining rivojlanishi real vaqt rejimida monitoring qilish va masofaviy tahlil imkoniyatlarini yaratdi. Ayniqsa, impedans spektroskopiyasi invaziv bo‘lmaganligi va yuqori sezgirligi tufayli istiqbolli usullardan biri hisoblanadi. Suv resurslarini samarali boshqarish turli fizik va kimyoviy xususiyatlarni baholashga qodir bo‘lgan keng qamrovli monitoring tizimlarini talab qiladi. An’anaviy usullar ko‘pincha ko‘p parametrli tahlil imkoniyatiga ega emasligi sababli, ularning real vaqt rejimidagi dinamik muhitlarda qo‘llanilishi cheklanadi. Ushbu tadqiqot suv sifatini va sathi o‘lchovlarni baholashga mo‘ljallangan integratsiyalashgan tizimning matematik va amaliy modelini taqdim etadi. Model quyidagi tarkibiy qismlarni o‘z ichiga oladi: 1. Suv tarkibini o‘lchash modeli – chastotali impedans spektroskopiyasiga asoslangan bo‘lib,suvning ion tarkibi va elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi haqida aniq ma’lumotlar beradi. 2. Suv sathini o‘lchash modeli – radio va akustik signallarning tarqalish tutulishini tahlil qilish orqali aniq va uzoq masofalarni hisoblash imkonini beradi. 3. Harorat va pH o‘lchash modeli – elektr o‘tkazuvchanlikning harorat o‘zgarishlari bilan bog‘liq o‘zgarishini korrektsiya hamda real vaqt rejimida pH monitoringini ta’minlash uchun qo‘shimcha funksiyalarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Ushbu maqolada impedans spektroskopiyasi tamoyillarini zamonaviy IoT aloqa tizimlari bilan birlashtirgan suv tarkibini aniqlash qurilmasini ishlab chiqish haqida so‘z boradi. Taklif etilgan qurilma keng chastota diapazonida (1 kHz dan 100 kHz gacha) ishlaydi, bu esa suvning ionlanishi va o‘tkazuvchanligi haqida batafsil ma’lumot olish imkonini beradi. Ushbu imkoniyat qishloq xo‘jaligidan tortib sanoat suv sifatini monitoring qilishgacha bo‘lgan turli sohalarda qo‘llash uchun muhimdir. Ushbu funksiyalarning integratsiyasi suv sifatini tahlil qilishda yaxlit yondashuvni ta’minlaydi, aniqlik va moslashuvchanlikni oshiradi. Materiallar va usullar Qurilmada qo‘llanilgan impedans spektroskopiyasi metodining tamoyillari Impedans spektroskopiyasi elektr o‘tkazuvchan materiallarning xususiyatlarini aniqlash uchun ishlatiladigan ilg‘or texnikalardan biridir. U elektr signallarining chastota bo‘yicha o‘zgarishlarini tahlil qilish orqali materiallarning elektrokimyoviy xususiyatlari haqida chuqur ma’lumot olishga imkon beradi. Ushbu qurilmada impedans spektroskopiyasi quyidagi asosiy tamoyillarga asoslanadi: 1. Qurilma keng chastota diapazonida signal yuborib, suv muhitining impedans o‘zgarishini o‘lchaydi. Har xil ion tarkibiga ega bo‘lgan suv namunalarining elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi turlicha bo‘lib, bu analiz natijalariga bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 2. Impedans aktiv (rezistivlik) va reaktiv (sig‘imli) qarshilik komponentdan iboratdir. Suv tarkini aniqlashda bu komponentlarning ta’siri hisobga olinadi, chunki ionlarning harakati va ularning elektrokimyoviy o‘zgarishlari turli chastotalarda o‘zgarib boradi. 3. Impedans spektroskopiyasi suvdagi ionlarning konsentratsiyasini va ularning harakatlanuvchanligini o‘lchash imkonini beradi. Yuqori chastotalarda ionlarning javobi o‘zgarib, bu ularga bog‘liq xususiyatlarni aniqlashga yordam beradi. 4. Qurilmaga o‘rnatilgan zamonaviy algoritmlar olingan impedans spektrlarini qayta ishlash va tafsir qilish uchun ishlatiladi. Bu real vaqt rejimida aniq natijalarni olishga va ularni IoT orqali uzatishga imkon beradi. Tizim 1 kHz dan 100 kHz gacha bo‘lgan diapazonda 20 ta turli chastotada o‘lchovlarni amalga oshiradi va ±10 Ohm aniqlikda impedans qiymatini aniqlaydi. Suv tarkibi aniqlagich impedans spektroskopiyasi orqali suvning chastotaga bog‘liq elektr xususiyatlarini tahlil qiladi, bunda natijalar ion konsentratsiyasi va dielektrik xossalar ta’sirida o‘zgaradi. Harorat, pH kompensatsiyasi real vaqt rejimida kalibrlash va tuzatish imkonini berib, o‘lchov natijalarining aniq hamda ishonchli bo‘lishini ta’minlaydi. Suv tarkibini aniqlash impedans spektroskopiyasidan foydalangan holda eritmalarning chastotaga bog‘liq elektr xususiyatlarini tahlil qiladi. Impedans suvdagi ion konsentratsiyasi va dielektrik xossalar ta’sirida o‘zgaradi, bu esa o‘z navbatida harorat hamda pH miqdoriga bog‘liq bo‘ladi. Ushbu parametrlarni o‘lchash uchun qo‘shimcha sensorlarning integratsiya qilinishi suv tarkibini aniqlash natijalarini real vaqt rejimida kalibrlash va tuzatish imkonini beradi, bu esa o‘lchovlarning aniqligini hamda ishonchliligini oshiradi. Impedans spektroskopiyasi – bu materiallarning elektr xususiyatlarini tahlil qilish uchun o‘zgaruvchan tok (AC) signali turli chastotalarda qo‘llanadigan usuldir (1-rasm). Impedans kompleks qiymat sifatida ifodalanib, u aktiv (rezistiv qarshilik) va reaktiv (sig‘imli qarshilik) komponentlardan iborat bo‘ladi. Suv muhitida ushbu komponentlar erigan ionlar ta’sirida o‘zgaradi, bu esa impedans spektroskopiyasini suv tarkibini aniqlash miqdorini o‘lchash uchun ayniqsa samarali usulga aylantiradi [1]. Bu metodning matematik modeli, suvning impedansi Z(f), uning qarshiligi (R) va dielektrik xususiyatlari (C) hisobga olingan holda quyidagicha ifodalanadi: bu yerda: ܼሺ݂ሻ ൌ ܴ ଵ ଶగ Z(f) – chastotaga bog‘liq kompleks impedans, R – eritmaning ohmik qarshiligi (elektr o‘tkazuvchanlik bilan bog‘liq), C – eritmaning sig‘imi (dielektrik xususiyatlarini ifodalaydi), f – signal chastotasi, (1) 85

Volume 2, Issue 1 86 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz j – mavhum birlik (𝑗𝑗 � � �1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑗𝑗 � √�1). Bu tenglama suvning elektr javobini rezistiv va reaktiv komponentlarga ajratish imkonini beradi. Impedansning chastotaga bog‘liq o‘zgarishini o‘lchash orqali suvdagi erigan ionlarning kontsentratsiyasi va umumiy eritma xususiyatlari haqida aniq ma’lumot olish mumkin. 1-rasm. Impedans spektroskopiyasining funksional blok sxemasi. Bunda dielektrik singishning(Ɛ) relaksatsiya va ionik tarqalishga ega bo‘lgan suyuq aralshma tizimlar uchun Kole-Kole(Cole-Cole) modeli ayniqsa fizikoviy jaroyonniy aniq ifodalaydi. Shu sabbali 1-formulani, model materialning impedansini chastotaga bog‘liq holda ifodalashga imkon beradi va matematik jihatdan quyidagicha ifodalanadi: Z�f� � R � � bu yerda: j2πfC� �ε� � R � – statik qarshilik (ohmik qarshilik), C� – nominal sig‘im (asosiy sig‘im qiymati), ε� – yuqori chastotadagi dielektrik doimiysi, 1 εс � ε� � 1 � �j2πf������� �2�

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 εс – statik dielektrik doimiysi, 87 τ – relaksatsiya vaqti (elektron yoki ion javobining kechikish muddati), 𝛼𝛼– tarqalish parametri (relaksatsiya jarayonining dispersiya darajasini ifodalaydi), 𝑓𝑓 – o‘lchov chastotasi, Ushbu model ionli eritmalar va suv muhitidagi dielektrik xususiyatlarning chastotaga bog‘liq o‘zgarishini chuqur tahlil qilish imkonini beradi. Ayniqsa, suv tarkibi miqdorini aniqlashda, impedans va dielektrik javob o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlikni o‘rganish uchun ishlatiladi. Agar matematik modelda eritmalardagi ion almashuv va tiklanish(relaksiya) jarayonini yanada to’la ifodalasak unda Havriliak-Negami modeli – bu Cole-Cole modelining yanada umumiylashgan shakli bo‘lib, u qo‘shimcha simmetriya parametri β ni kiritish orqali dielektrik javobning murakkabroq taqsimlanishini ifodalaydi. Ushbu model materiallarning dielektrik relaksatsiya jarayonlarini chuqurroq tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladi va matematik jihatdan quyidagicha ifodalanadi: Z�f� � R � � bu yerda: j2πfC� �ε� � 1 εс � ε� � �1 � �j2πf������� �� �3� β – simmetriya parametri(0 < β ≤ 1), qolganlari 2-formuladagiday ma’noga ega. Demak, ushbu model suyuq aralashmaning dielektrik xususiyatlarini ancha aniq tavsiflaydi va ayniqsa, ionik eritmalar, polimer dielektriklar, va murakkab dispersiya muhitlari uchun qo‘llaniladi. Havriliak-Negami modeli Cole-Cole modelini o‘z ichiga oluvchi umumiy model bo‘lib, suv muhitida ionlarning taqsimlanishini va ularning dielektrik xususiyatlarini yaxshiroq ifodalash imkonini beradi. Ultratovush masofa o‘lchash tizimining ishlash tamoyili va modeli Tizim masofani o‘lchash uchun ilg‘or "e-beam" usulidan foydalanadi, bu usul radio va ultratovush signallarining bir vaqtda uzatilish tamoyiliga asoslangan [2-5]. Asosiy qurilma (2-rasmda ko‘rsatilmagan) bir vaqtning o‘zida, 433 MHz chastotali radio va 40 kHz chastotali ultratovush signallarni uzatadi Masofa o‘lchash jarayoni ushbu ikki signalning qabul qiluvchi tomonidan qabul qilinish vaqtlaridagi farqni aniqlash orqali amalga oshiriladi. Bu usul radio signali yorug‘lik tezligida harakatlanishi (taxminan 3 × 108 m/s) va ultratovush signali esa tovush tezligida tarqalishi (taxminan 343 m/s, agar havo harorati 20°C bo‘lsa) tamoyiliga asoslanadi. Radio signali deyarli bir zumda manzilga yetib boradi, ultratovush signali esa ma’lum vaqt kechikish Δ𝑡𝑡 bilan yetib keladi. Ushbu vaqt farqi (Δ𝑡𝑡) orqali masofa h quyidagicha aniqlanadi:

Volume 2, Issue 1 March 2025 88 bu yerda: Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz (4) h � v����� � Δt h – ob’ektgacha bo‘lgan masofa, v����� – tovush tezligi (343 m/s havo haroratiga bog‘liq holda), Δt – radio signali va ultratovush signali qabul qilinishidagi vaqt farqi. Agarda ququqdagi gaz ideal deb hisoblask unda v����� – tovush tezligini T- temperaturaga bog`likligini qo`yidagicha ifodalash mumkin: ��� bu yerda: ℎ � v����� �𝑇𝑇� � �� � � � (5) � �� h – ob’ektgacha bo‘lgan masofa, 𝜸𝜸− gazning adiabatik indeksi (bir atomli gazlar uchun 5/3, ikki atomli gazlar uchun 7/5, ko'p atomli gazlar uchun 4/3); R – universal gaz doimiysi (8,314 J/(mol K)); T– mutlaq harorat (Kelvin); M– quduqdagi gazning molyar massasi (kg/mol). Afsuski quduq ishidagi gaz bu gaz hamda bug`lar aralashmasi bo’lib, unig xususiyatlari chuqurlik oshgan sari o`zgarib boradi va holatni qo`idagi metematik model yordamida ifodalsh mumkin: � bu yerda: ℎ � � ��� �����,����,����������� ������,����,������ � �� (6) h – ob’ektgacha bo‘lgan masofa, 𝛾𝛾��� − harorat T(h), bosim p(h) va aralashmasi 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥�ℎ�) ga qarab samarali adiabatik indeksi, p (h) - tezlanish va tarkibni hisobga olgan holda gidrostatik/gazostatik tenglamalar bilan aniqlangan h chuqurlikdagi bosim, 𝝆𝝆(𝒉𝒉) - holat tenglamasi (masalan, haqiqiy gaz yoki suyuqlik fazasi) yordamida hisoblangan aralashmaning zichligi, 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥�ℎ�) - h chuqurlikdagi aralashma komponentlarining (gaz va suyuqliklar) nisbati.

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 Bu tenglamani umumlashtirib soddaroq shaklda ifodalasa bo`ladi: ���� ��� bu yerda: ℎ�� ���� ��� 89 (7) � �� h – ob’ektgacha bo‘lgan masofa, 𝐾𝐾��� �𝑧𝑧� � 𝑥𝑥��� ⋅ 𝛾𝛾��� ⋅ 𝑝𝑝�ℎ� � 𝑥𝑥��� ⋅ 𝐾𝐾��� ; 𝜌𝜌��� �ℎ�= 𝑥𝑥��� ⋅ 𝜌𝜌��� + 𝑥𝑥��� ⋅ 𝜌𝜌��� ; 𝑥𝑥��� + 𝑥𝑥��� =1. Aralshmaning adiabatik ko`rsatgichi ∑ ��⋅��,� bu yerda : 𝛾𝛾��� ⋅=∑ ��⋅��,� , (8) 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 -komponentlarning mol/massa ulushlari va 𝐶𝐶�,� , 𝐶𝐶�,� - ularning issiqlik sig'imlari Chastotali impedans spektroskopiyasi va masofa o‘lchash qurilmasining integratsiyalashgan arxitekturasi Ushbu qurilma (2-rasm) bir nechta o‘lchash funksiyalarini o‘z ichiga olgan bo‘lib, masofa o‘lchash, suv tarkibini aniqlash, pH monitoringi va harorat sezgichlarini o‘zida mujassam etgan. Tizim 3.3V, 1000mAh sig‘imli akkumulyator bilan ta’minlanib, energiya istemolini samarali boshqarish uchun ilg‘or quvvat taqsimlash tizimidan foydalanadi. Quvvat boshqaruv tizimi (Power Management System) tarkibiga - qurilmaning energiya ta’minoti 3.3V akkumulyatordan boshlanib, DC/DC konvertor orqali uch xil kuchlanish hosil qilinadi: +3.3V – kam quvvat talab qiluvchi elektron komponentlar uchun, +5.0V – signal qayta ishlash va interfeys modullari uchun, +12V – yuqori quvvat talab qiluvchi sensorlar va boshqa elementlar uchun.

Volume 2, Issue 1 90 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz Kanal quvvat taqsimlash ulangichlari (Channel Power Distribution Switch) ushbu quvvat manbalarini markaziy protsessor (CPU) orqali boshqaradi. Bu esa turli tarkibiy qisimlarni quvvat sarfini optimallashtirish imkonini beradi. Masofa o‘lchash komponentlardan iborat: tizimi -masofa o‘lchash sxemasi tarkibiga kiruvchi quyidagi 40 kHz chastotada ishlovchi ultratovush qabul qiluvchi modul, 433 MHz chastotada ishlovchi radio signallarni qabul qiluvchi modul. Ushbu ikkala modul markaziy protsessorga ulanib, radio signalni qayta ishlash uchun UART interfeysi va ultratovush signalining kelish vaqtini aniqlash uchun timer kirishi ishlatidi. Mana shu timer asosida markaziy protsessor masofani radio va ultratovush signallarining qabul qilinish vaqtlaridagi farqni o`lchab, aniq hisoblab chiqadi. Ushbu metod echoloskopik (aks sado) usulidan nisbatan afzalliklarga ega bo`lib, birinchidan an’anaviy aks-sado (echo) asosidagi tizimlarga qaraganda aniqroq natijalar beradi, ikkinchidan shovqinlardan himoyalangan chunki radio va ultratovush kombinatsiyasi turli muhitlarda barqaror ishlashni ta’minlaydi. Ushbu qurilma nafaqat quduq suvlarini nazoratida balkim, turli sohalarda sanoat monitoringi, qishloq xo‘jaligi, atrof-muhit monitoringi uchun ham moslashuvchan va ishonchli echim hisoblanadi. Suv tarkibini aniqlash qismi, shuningdek, chastotali impedans spektroskopiyasi usulidan foydalanadigan o‘lchash modulini o‘z ichiga oladi. Ushbu modul Signal hosil qilish-DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis) generatoridan iborat bo‘lib, kerakli chastotali signallar CPU tomonidan boshqaruv signallari orqali nazorat qilinadi va 1 kΩ aniq rezistor o`lchash sensoriga ketma-ket ulanadi. O‘lchov signali bu yerdan CPU ning analogdan raqamliga o`zgartirgichi - ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) moduli orqali ma’lumot yig‘ish uchun uzatilad.

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 91 2-rasm. Chastotali impedans spektroskopiyasi va integratsiyalashgan masofa o‘lchash qurilmasining funksional blok diagrammasi DDS generatori turli chastotalarda o‘zgaruvchan signal hosil qiladi, bu esa turli chastotalarda impedansni o‘lchash imkonini beradi. Ko‘p chastotali tahlil usuli eritmaning chastotaga bog‘liq impedans xususiyatlarini o‘rganish orqali aniqroq tarkib o‘lchovlarini ta’minlaydi. Atrof-muhit parametrlarini kuzatish uchun suyuqlikning pH va haroratini aniqlovchi modul ishlatiladi. Ushbu modulda pH sensori eritmaning kislotalilik/ishqorlik darajasini o‘lchash, harorat sensori esa haroratni ayrim ajratilgan ADC kanallari orqali bir vaqtning o‘zida o‘lchash uchun qo‘shilgan. Ma’lumot uzatish qismi esa 433 MHz yuqori chastotali, uzoq masofaga mo‘ljallangan simsiz moduldan foydalanadi. Ushbu aloqa tizimi 433 MHz chastotada ishlaydi va masofaviy ishlash imkoniyatini ta’minlaydi. U CPU bilan UART interfeysi orqali ulanadi, tashqi antenna orqali signal kuchini oshiradi hamda masofaviy monitoring va ma’lumot yig‘ish imkonini beradi. Ushbu integratsiya quvvat sarfini optimallashtirish uchun ayrim modullarni tanlab yoqish orqali qurilmaga suv sifatini kompleks tahlil qilish imkonini beradi. Simsiz aloqa masofadan monitoring qilish va ma’lumotlarni yig‘ish imkonini yaratib, uni avtomatlashtirilgan quduq suv sifatini monitoring qilish ilovalari uchun mos qiladi. Qurilma quyidagi modullarni o‘z ichiga oladi (2-rasm): - suvga botirilgan zanglamaydigan po‘lat elektrodla – o‘lchov interfeysi sifatida ishlaydi;

Volume 2, Issue 1 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz - AD9833 DDS moduliga asoslangan chastota generatori – maqsadli chastota diapazonida aniq sinusoidal signallar hosil qiladi; 92 - mikrokontroller CPU – signal generatsiyasi, ma’lumot yig‘ish va aloqa jarayonlarini boshqaradi; - sensorlardan ma’lumot yig‘ish moduli – harorat, pH, TDS va masofa ma’lumotlarini ketma-ket o‘qiydi va ularni birgalikda tahlil qilish uchu qayta ishlaydi; - MIC2026/MIC2076 asosidagi dinamik quvvat taminoti – faqat o‘lchov paytida sensor va modullarni faollashtirish orqali quvvat samaradorligini ta’minlaydi; - 433 MHz radio modulሺRFሻ orqali simsiz ma’lumot uzatish – masofaviy monitoringni amalga oshirish uchun ishlatiladi. Natijalar etdi: Olib borilgan sinovlar natijasida tizim quyidagi asosiy ishlash ko‘rsatkichlarini namoyon - quvvat sarfini optimallashtirish: ൏1 mA uyqu rejimida, 50 mA ish rejimida; - pH o‘lchash imkoniyatlari: 0.00-14.00 diapazonida േ0.5 pH aniqlik ta’minladi; - T-harorat o’lchash : 5 - 60°C diapazonda േ0.5°C aniqlikni berdi; - h-masofani o‘lchash: േ10 cm aniqlik bilan 300 metrgacha o‘lchash imkoniyati - masofaga a’lumot uzatish tezligi: 2400 bit/soniyasiga; 3-rasm. Temperatura o`zgarishida eritmalardagi spektri tashkil etuvchilarining trendi.

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 93 4-rasm. Har xil tarkibli eritmalardagi komleks qarshilikning Z modulining spektri. Ishlab chiqilgan tizim 10 ppm gacha bo‘lgan ion konsentratsiyalarini aniqlash imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lib, yuqori sezgirlikni namoyon etdi. Tajriba o’lchash maxsus qurilmasi bilan solishtirilganda, natijalar orasidagi farq 2% dan kam bo‘ldi, bu esa tizimning ishonchliligini tasdiqlaydi. Dinamik quvvat boshqaruvi orqali energiya sarfi 50% ga kamaytirildi, bu esa batareyali qurilmalar xizmat muddatini uzaytirishga imkon berdi. Impedans o‘lchovlari va ma’lumotlarni uzatish jarayoni millisekundlar ichida amalga oshirildi, bu esa sanoat va qishloq xo‘jaligi ilovalari uchun real vaqt rejimidagi tahlil imkoniyatini yaratdi. Harorat kompensatsiyasi –atrof-muhit o‘zgarishlari ta’sirini kamaytirib, aniqlikni o‘rtacha 12% ga oshird(3-rasm)i; pH suv sifatini chuqurroq tahlil qilish imkonini yaratdi, ion tarkibi va pH darajalari o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlikni aniqlashga yordam berdi; Masofa o‘lchash: ±10 cm aniqlikda 300 metrgacha bo‘lgan masofani o`lchashga erishildi; an’anaviy usullarga nisbatan o‘lchash imkoniyatlari sezilarli darajada oshirildi. Tizim standart modalar eritmalari yordamida kalibrlashdan o‘tkazildi, bu esa impedans o‘lchovlarining aniq bajarilishini ta’minladi. Kalibrlash jarayoni quyidagi bosqichlardan olib borildi:

Volume 2, Issue 1 94 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz 1. Har bir eritma uchun impedans spektrini qayd etish(4-rasm). 2. Polinomial moslash usulidan foydalanib, impedans va tarkib qiymatlari orasidagi bog‘liqlikni o‘rnatish. Muhokama Tizim simsiz suv monitoringi sohasidagi asosiy muammolarni muvaffaqiyatli hal qiladi, ayniqsa ISM 433 MHz diapazonida ishlovchi suv yuzasidagi va quduq og‘zidagi komponentlar o‘rtasidagi sinxronizatsiya masalasiga innovatsion yondashuvni taklif etadi. "Wake up" (Uyg‘otish) signallari orqali uyqu rejimini faollashtirish energiya boshqaruvi uchun ilg‘or yechim bo‘lib, o‘lchov natijalarining ishonchliligini saqlab qoladi. Harorat va pH sensorlarining qo‘shilishi hamda ultratovush yordamida bevosita suv sathini o‘lchash usulining qo‘llanilishi qurilmaning quduq suvi sifatini kompleks tahlil qilish imkoniyatlarini sezilarli darajada kengaytirdi. Ushbu tizimning asosiy afzalliklari quyidagilardan iborat: - T-harorat va pH o‘zgarishlarini real vaqt rejimida kompensatsiya qilish orqali suv tarkibi o‘lchovlarining aniqligi ta’minlanadi; - modulli loyihasiga qo‘shimcha sensorlarni, masalan, loyqalilik yoki erigan kislorod sensorlarini integratsiya qilish imkonini beradi hamda keng ko‘lamli suv monitoringi tarmoqlariga tatbiq etish imkoniyatini yaratadi; - qishloq xo‘jaligida sug‘orish tizimlaridan tortib sanoat suv monitoringi tizimlarigacha bo‘lgan turli ilovalarga mos keladi; - murakkab laboratoriya namunalarini tayyorlash zaruratini yo‘q qiladi, ya’ni tizim to‘g‘ridanto‘g‘ri joyida aniq natijalar beradi; - masofaviy hududlardagi quduqlarda uzoq muddatli ishlash imkonini yaratadi, bu esa batareyadan quvatlanuvchi qurilmalar uchun muhim afzallikdir. Ushbu tizimning bir nechta parametrlarni bir vaqtning o‘zida kuzatish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lishi an’anaviy bir funksiyali qurilmalar cheklovlarini bartaraf etadi. Kelajakdagi ishlar sun’iy intellekt asosidagi aqliy tahlil (AI-based analytics) usullarini integratsiya qilish orqali trendlarga prognoz berish va suv resurslarini boshqarish strategiyalarini optimallashtirish bo‘yicha tadqiqotlarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Shuningdek, avtomatlashtirilgan tahlil uchun mashinali o‘qitish algoritmlarini kiritish va funksionallikni kengaytirish uchun ko‘p parametrli sensorlar integratsiyasini amalga oshirish rejalashtirilgan. Xulosa Ushbu ilmiy tadqiqotga bag`ishlangan maqola masofaviy o‘lchash hamda impedans spektroskopiyasi asosida suv tarkibini aniqlash texnologiyasini innovatsion va atrof-muhit

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 parametrlarini kompensatsiya qilish usullari bilan birlashtirish orqali suv sifatini monitoring qilish texnologiyasini yangi bosqichga olib chiqadi. Ishlab chiqilgan prototip atrof-muhit monitoringi va suv resurslarini boshqarish bo‘yicha amaliy qo‘llash uchun katta salohiyatga ega ekanligini namoyish etadi. Tadqiqotda suv sathini bevosita masofaviy o‘lchash va tarkibini aniqlashda, harorat hamda pH sensorlarini integratsiya qilingan ko`p vazifali(multifunksional) suv monitoringi tizimi taqdim etilgan. Ushbu integratsiyalashgan yondashuv yuqori aniqlik, kengaytirish imkoniyati va energiya samaradorligini ta’minlab, uni turli atrof-muhit va sanoat ilovalari uchun ideal echimga aylantiradi. Olingan natijalar ushbu tizimning real vaqt rejimida suv sifatini kuzatish va suv resurslarini boshqarish uchun qimmatli vosita ekanligini tasdiqlaydi. Taklif etilgan tizim, shuningdek, impedans spektroskopiyasining suv sifatini baholashda suv tarkibini aniqlashda samarali usul ekanligini namoyish etadi. Uning aniqlikgi, kengaytirish imkoniyati va energiya samaradorligi atrof-muhit monitoringi, sanoat jarayonlari va ilmiy tadqiqotlar uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega ekanligini ko‘rsatadi. Ushbu tadqiqot Internet narsalar (IoT) texnologiyalari asosida suv sifatini boshqarishning kelajakdagi rivojlanishi uchun mustahkam asos yaratadi. 95

Volume 2, Issue 1 96 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz Adabiyotlar 1. Rajabov F.F., Djumanov J.Kh. Development of a mathematical model for information flow balance. IICS-2020. 2. Rajabov F.F., Patent No. IAP20220583: Method for Measuring Liquid Levels Using Ultrasound Direct Radiation. Published in the Official Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 01.12.2024 - 31.12.2024, No. 12. Available at: https://im.adliya.uz/e44787f4-900b-44e3-a9653ab34b62ff17 3. Rajabov F.F., et al. Quit the Project of the Development of a Device for Measuring Water Level Based on Ultrasound and Radio Wave. Eurasian Scientific Herald, May 2023. P.116-121. 4. Rajabov F. Non-contact ultrasonic direct radiation method for measuring the water level in wells and boreholes. ICISCT-2023. 5. Rajabov F.F., Jamoljon Djumanov et al. Autonomous wireless sound gauge device for measuring liquid level in well. E3S Web of Conferences, 2023.

Management and Future Technologies Authors Nasiba Xalikova Department of Communication and Digital Technologies, “University of Management and Future Technologies”, Tashkent, 100208, Uzbekistan; nasibaxalikova94@gmail. com Saida Beknazarova Tashkent University of Information Technology named after Muhammad al-Khorezmi, Tashkent, 100200, Uzbekistan; saidabeknazarova92@ gmail.com Correspondence: nasibaxalikova94@ gmail.com Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Ushbu maqola Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) litsenziyasi shartlari asosida tarqatiladigan ochiq foydalanish maqolasi hisoblanadi (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 TECHNOLOGIES OF 3D SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION AND GEOMETRIC MODELING IN DIGITAL BIOMEDICINE A bstract. The purpose of this paper is to review the current level of development of 3D scientific visualization, segmentation and geometric modeling software serving the tasks of 3D digital biomedicine. 3D digital biomedicine is an intensively developing industry that requires the involvement of an increasing number of specialists. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to form a holistic view of this area, a vision of current problems and approaches to their solution in the scientific community of scientific visualization. The arsenal of software packages, libraries and systems is presented as a resource for medical 3D visualization, segmentation, geometric reconstruction and functional modeling. New 3D technologies in medicine created on the basis of these libraries are presented. The problem of quality of 3D visualization of tomograms in conditions of fundamental absence of a standard and its solution based on synthesis of a standard image by averaging a series of images with a random start of a beam are discussed. The fundamental necessity of pre-integration and research of 3D visualization methods in the axes “performance-quality” is stated. The possibilities and tasks of medical technologies “virtual anatomical table” and their modern implementations from Anatomage Inc., Sectra and similar functions, but already implemented as cloud services in InVols (UNN). Keywords: 3D digital biomedicine, geometric modeling, problems, scientific visualization, solutions, review. 97

Volume 2, Issue 1 98 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz Introduction Biomedicine is a branch of medicine that studies the human body from a theoretical standpoint. It includes information and research on general medicine and fundamental biological sciences, such as biology, including neurobiology, histology, biochemistry, anatomy, pathology, physiology, genetics, embryology, biomedical engineering, zoology, botany and microbiology. Biomedicine creates the foundation for all medical applications, diagnostics and treatment, makes possible intracellular and molecular understanding of disease mechanisms, the emergence of new drugs, stem cells for cell therapy. At the current level of development of science and technology, the vector of development of digital biomedicine is clearly directed towards three-dimensional biomedicine, as the most high-tech and innovative. The review is devoted to the achievements of scientific visualization and geometric modeling, which ensured the modern development of 3D biomedicine, a number of interesting results of this development and problems that are in the process of being solved and await efforts from the computer graphics community. The development of three-dimensional digital biomedicine was challenged by the explosive growth of tomography and three-dimensional electron microscopy, creating sequences of twodimensional high-resolution layers. It was quickly discovered that three-dimensional data are capable of qualitatively improving the results of diagnostics and research, if methods and software for 3D processing and visualization of this data are created, and, on their basis, new three-dimensional technologies in medicine and biology. In this regard, the following tasks arose for computer graphics and geometric modeling: 1) high-performance and, at the same time, high-quality 3D visualization and segmentation of tomograms stored in a special medical format DICOM; 2) parameterization of geometric models of a person, his organs and systems, aimed at solving the problem of personalization of the model; 3) three-dimensional segmentation and geometric reconstruction of organs and a person as a whole based on tomography data and other sources; 4) detection of anomalies and their quantitative 2D-3D assessment (automation of diagnostics). Of course, geometry and graphics in biomedicine should support functional modeling of a person, his organs, systems and manipulation of them in the same way as it is done at the stages of pre- and post-processing in engineering systems. The output of such functional modeling should be research and training biomedical virtual reality systems. Review literature High-performance 3D visualization and segmentation of tomograms and micrographs Perhaps the most significant contribution to the creation of software for modern biomedicine was made by Kitware, Inc. ( www.kitware.com , USA-1998). It organized the creation of a whole series of Open Source software products vital to three-dimensional digital biomedicine. First of all, these are: 1) Visualization Toolkit (VTK, www.vtk.org ) – a software package for image processing, polygonal 3D graphics and scientific visualization; 2) Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK, www.itk.org ) – a software package for segmentation of three-dimensional medical data, which received the status of a national library of programs for creating medical systems in the USA; 3) CMake – support for assembling complex systems, which was originally developed for assembling

Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz March 2025 Volume 2, Issue 1 ITK and ITK applications. CMake manages the assembly process using simple platform- and compiler-independent configuration files; 4) ParaView ( www.paraview.org ) is an open system of high-performance scientific and technical visualization, implementing almost all the existing methods of scientific visualization. It also has the capabilities of medical 3D visualization. ParaView visualization is built on the VTK and VTK-m libraries - a version focused on the use of graphic processors. Today, there is already a web version of the system available on the website www.paraview.org/web . Today, Kitware not only continues to work in Medical Computing, HPC & Visualization and Software Process, but has also expanded its interests to Computer Vision and Data & Analytics. More than 80 universities and research centers in the USA are active partners of Kitware. An interesting analogue of ParaView is the open scientific visualization system VisIt ( http://visit.llnl.gov/ ), also created in the USA at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This system is also based on VTK and VTK-m, and is also multiplatform and interactive. Perhaps due to the specifics of its creation, it is somewhat more interesting to physicists. A ten-year joint project of the Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory (PICSL, Pennsylvania State University) and the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute (SCI, Utah State University), supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), has resulted in the creation of a compact and relatively easy-to-use ITKSNAP complex ( www.itksnap.org ). The complex is focused on interactive segmentation with simultaneous operator work in three orthogonal projections and on the use of the active contour method (snake) capabilities developed by the authors in each projection. By now, ITK-SNAP users around the world have made many hundreds of publications. In the area of 3D segmentation and visual reconstruction of microphotographs from electron microscopes (EM), which still requires a significantly greater share of manual work, an open software package ILASTIK ( http://ilastik.org ) has been created, focused on interactive classification, segmentation and subsequent analysis. The modular software provides automated pixel and object classification, semi-automatic tracking of objects, semi-automatic segmentation and counting of objects without their detection. ILASTIK was developed by a dedicated team at Heidelberg University (Heidelberg Uni., Germany) with financial support from a number of communities and organizations: Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing (HCI); HHMI (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) Janelia Farm Research Campus; CellNetworks Excellence Cluster ( www.cellnetworks.uni-hd.de ). Of interest is the MMBioS website and resource ( http://mmbios.org/ ) of the international community of biologists formed around The National Center for Multiscale Modeling of Biological Systems (USA). Here in the Software section, several large software packages created by international efforts are offered for use. The most famous of them are CellBlender ( MMBioS downloads page ) and Monte Carlo Cell ( http://mcell.org/ ). In medical 3D visualization of tomography results there are also commercial software 99

Volume 2, Issue 1 100 March 2025 Management and Future Technologies journal.umft.uz packages. The most famous of them is the Fovia HDVR® (High Definition Volume Rendering) product from Fovia Inc. (California, USA, www.fovia.com ), built into the software of most foreign tomographs (Fig. 1). A significant feature of this product is the refusal to use graphic processors. Figure 1. Fovia Inc. website introducing HDVR®. There is a product from Inobitec ( www.inobitec.ru , Moscow) on the Russian market, positioned by its authors as a domestic analogue of HDVR®. This product is practically inferior to HDVR® only in performance. Of interest is also a Russian product known today as the Automated Workplace (AWP) “Gamma Multivox D2” ( www.multivox.ru/multivox3d.shtml ), designed to work with 2D/3D medical images and image series. This product originated at Lomonosov Moscow State University and from the very beginning was and remains focused not so much on 3D visualization as on 3D segmentation and quantitative assessments that are urgently needed by diagnosticians. It stands out for its features such as: semi-automatic 3D segmentation, geometric surface reconstruction, editing, volume measurement and visualization of segmented objects in pseudo-colors with a gray texture.